UC-NRLF 


216 


*B    171    077  | 

A     SUMMARY 


VITAL.  STATISTICS 
OF  THE  MEW  ENGLAND  STATES 


CARRIAGES,  DIVORCES,  BIRTHS,  f  DEATHS 

IN  THE  six  M:\V 


ME    DIKEC 
OARDS01  :i!RE, 

:  CU  I1 


HAM,  (the  ' 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


The  small  circles  show  the  location  of  the 
sixty-seven  cities  and  towns  having  populations 
of  more  than  10,000  in  each  by  the  U.  S.  Census 
of  1890. 

The  figures  within  the  circles  refer  to  the 
first  column  in  the  table  of  cities  and  towns  near 
the  close  of  the  book. 


VICINITY 

OF  @    @ 

BOSTON. 


A     SUMMARY  • 


OF    THE 


VITAL  STATISTICS 
OF  THE  NEW   ENGLAND  STATES 

FOR  THE   YEAR  1892. 
BEING  A  CONCISE  STATEMENT  OF  THE 

MARRIAGES,  DIVORCES,  BIRTHS,  ^  DEATHS 

IN  THE  SIX  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES, 


COMPILED  UNDER  THE   DIRECTION   OF  THE   SECRETARIES  OF  THE 

STATE  BOARDS  OF  HEALTH  OF  MAINE,  NEW  HAMPSHIRE, 

VERMONT,    MASSACHUSETTS,    RHODE 

isi!  A  SnV-AtfD 'CONNECTICUT. 


BOSTON : 
DAMRKLL  &  UPHAM,  (the  Old  Corner  IJook  Store). 

LONDON : 
P.   S.  KINO  &  SON,   12  King  St.,  Westminster. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1895,  by 

SAMUBL  W.  ABBOTT, 
in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


The  object  intended  in  publishing  this  summary,  is  to  present  in 
a  condensed  form,  the  Vital  Statistics  of  the  New  England  States 
as  a  whole.  At  any  time  previous  to  1894  the  publication  of  such 
a  summary  would  have  been  impossible,  in  consequence  of  the  fact 
that  no  compilation  of  the  Vital  Statistics  of  Maine  was  made  until 
1894,  when  the  First  Registration  Report  of  that  state  for  the  year 
1892  was  issued. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Boards  of  Health  of  the 
six  New  England  States,  held  in  Montreal,  in  September,  1894, 
during  the  session  of  the  American  Public  Health  Association,  it 
was  decided  to  publish  a  summary  of  the  Vital  Statistics  of  these 
states.  The  objects  to  be  secured  by  such  a  publication  may  be 
stated  briefly  as  follows  :  — 

1.  The  securing  of  better  and  more  uniform  methods  of   the 
presentation  of  material  collected  in  the  Registration  Returns. 

2.  The  stimulation   of   attention  to  this  important  branch  of 
public  work  in  other  states,  where  registration  has  hitherto  been 
neglected. 

In  New  England  the  importance  of  registration  of  Vital  Statistics 
has  been  acknowledged  from  the  earliest  periods  of  the  existence  of 
the  colonies,  a  law  having  been  enacted  in  1639,  in  the  Massachu- 
setts Colony,  providing  for  the  keeping  of  a  record  "  of  every 
marriage,  birth,  and  death  of  every  person  within  the  jurisdiction". 
This  was  followed  soon  afterward  (1644)  by  similar  legislation  in 
Connecticut. 

It  was  not  until  1842  that  any  published  report  embracing  these 
facts  was  made. 


6 

The  six  New  England  States  have  now  published  such  reports  for 
the  stated  periods  as  follows  :  — 

Maine,  .....  beginning  with  1892 

New  Hampshire,   ...  "            "      1880 

Vermont,        ....  "            "      1857 

Massachusetts,       ...  "      1842 

Ehode  Island,        .      '   .  "      1853 

Connecticut,           .         .  "      1848 

The  importance  of  the  subject  of  Vital  Statistics  as  the  basis  or 
ground  work  of  Public  Hygiene  is  universally  acknowledged,  and 
the  intimate  connection  of  the  one  with  the  other  is  shown  by  the 
action  of  nearly  every  state  government  in  uniting  the  Department 
of  Registration  of  Vital  Statistics  with  that  of  Public  Health. 

An  unusual  stimulus  has  been  given  to  the  progress  of  such  work 
by  the  organization  of  general  societies  for  the  study  and  publica- 
tion of  statistics,  of  which  the  Royal  Statistical  Society  of  Great 
Britain,  the  International  Statistical  Institute,  and  the  American 
Statistical  Society  are  among  the  flourishing  examples. 

It  is  proposed  to  issue  this  summary  at  intervals  of  about  five 
years,  the  second  issue  to  embrace  the  statistics  for  1895,  since,  in  a 
portion  of  New  England  (two  states  embracing  half  the  population) 
an  intermediate  census  is  taken,  once  in  five  years. 

No  account  is  taken  in  this  summary,  of  the  county  as  a  division 
of  the  population,  since  this  grouping  or  division  has  but  little 
significance  in  New  England,  aside  from  its  importance  in  connec- 
tion with  the  administration  of  the  courts  of  justice,  the  inquest 
laws,  the  control  of  highways  and  a  few  minor  matters.  The  admin- 
istration of  the  municipal  affairs  of  the  town  or  city,  considered  as  a 
unit  is  a  matter  of  far  greater  sanitary  importance  than  that  of  the 
county.  That  the  thorough  and  careful  administration  of  such  affairs, 
in  such  important  matters  as  the  introduction  of  pure  water  sup- 
plies, and  efficient  sewerage  systems,  the  management  and  control  of 


infectious  diseases,  the  supervision  of  public  institutions,  the  inspec- 
tion of  food,  etc.,  has  a  perceptible  effect  upon  the  vital  statistics  of 
municipalities  has  been  fully  demonstrated,  both  in  Europe  and 
America,  and  we  may  add,  in  the  distant  cities  of  British  India.  For 
this  reason  the  vital  statistics  of  the  principal  towns  are  presented 
as  fully  as  the  limits  of  a  summary  of  this  character  will  admit. 


A.  G.  YOUNG, 

Secy.  State  Board  of  Health  and 
.Registrar  Vital  Statistics, 
Maine. 

I.  A.  WATSON, 

Secy.  State  Board  of  Health  and 
Registrar  of  Vital  Statis- 
tics, N.  II. 

J.  H.  HAMILTON, 

Secy.  State  Board  of  Health,  Vt. 


SAML.  W.  ABBOTT, 

Secret^  State  Board  of  Health 
of  Massachusetts. 

G.  T.   SWARTS, 

Secy.  State  Board  of  Health  and 
Registrar  of  Vital  Statis- 
tics, R.  I. 

C.  A.  LINDSLEY, 

Secy.  State  Board  of  Health  and 
Superintendent  of  Registra- 
tion of  Vital  Statistics, 
Conn. 


A   SUMMARY   OF   THE   VITAL   STATISTICS 
OF   THE   NEW   ENGLAND   STATES. 


POPULATION. 

"  Population  is  the  basis  of  Vital  Statistics,  and  hence 
demands  preliminary  consideration  in  any  work  bearing  upon 
this  subject."  (Dr.  Farr.) 

The  statements  of  population  in  this  summary  are  those  of 
the  United  States  Census  of  1880  and  1890,  together  with  esti- 
mates made  for  the  intercensal  years,  and  for  the  years  1891  and 
1892.  The  method  of  estimating  is  that  which  is  employed  in 
the  annual  reports  of  the  Registrar  General  of  England  (the 
geometric  rate  of  increase).  Since  short  census  intervals  are 
preferable  to  long  ones,  the  five  year  period  is  adopted  for 
estimating,  in  those  states  where  a-  quinquennial  census  is 
made.  (Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.) 

In  populations  having  a  rapid  growth,  the  results  obtained 
by  the  arithmetric  and  geometric  methods  of  estimating  differ 
considerably,  but  in  small  communities,  and  especially  among 
those  of  slow  growth  the  difference  is  only  slight,  and  scarcely 
affects  the  ratios  representing  the  marriage,  birth,  and  death 
rates  to  an  appreciable  degree.  Hence,  in  estimating  popula- 
tions the  geometric  rate  in  this  summary  is  only  applied  to  the 
States,  and  in  the  table  of  cities  and  towns,  to  those  cities  which 
have  a  population  larger  than  20,000. 


The  population  of  the  six  states  is  shown  in  table  I,  by  which 
it  appears  that  the  total  population  of  the  district  in  1870  was 
3,487,924  (U.  S.  Census),  and  this  had  increased  to  4,010,529 
in  1880,  and  4,700,745  in  1890. 


10 


(M 

O 
CO 


o 

CO 
CO 


02 


.2 


NEW 
HAMPSHIRE. 


•w^  fli  TH  TH  CM  OS  OS         CO  O  CO  1~*  fcA        O 

SI  5l  CO  O  >O  CO  OS        OOSOO^J        OS 

r^  cT  COi—ICOCMt—         O  CO  CM  TH  ^T        OS  CO 

gp  ^  O  TH  iH  CM  CM         CO  "*  O  CO  2^         t-  CO 

Ed  "^  °  ^"^ 

CO 

H 

t> 
o 

^^  ^>  *O  CO  (^  C^l  TH          CO  CO  ^  TH  QJ^          O  TH 

2  °  oS^^g    ££££«?    ^oT 

w          "^  ^  ^rot^os~r-r  ^ 

J2j  ^  A-,  «J  CO  CO  CO  CO          CO  t—  t—  t^  2 

O  i® 

WQ  CO  TH  CMCO^OS^       ^*  »£ 

§5  g  S  §^||S      ^^c^oow      aia 

COCO  CO  CO  ^Jj        CO  i 
CO  CO 

HH    -^  v  A  ,^r\  T-H  OO  GO  CO  _jj         Jt^*  C^  CO  *-O  ^4^         CO  Oi1 

SB  H          c^  eo  rH^irp(N 

«0  I®  00  C0-0^00,.0^ 

^  t>.  THiHTHrH^j,        THCM<N<N£j        CM  CM 

TH  TH  TH 

H 

^  ®1  (N"<rfc<r<N"<N"     CM^CM^^CM"^     

O  <N  co  co  co  co  co      co  co  co  cc  ^1      co  .-o 

P3  co  co  co  co  co      co  co  co  co  AA      ^  ^^ 

.  CQ  CO  *v 

k  co  eo  *o 


TH        CO  CO  Ot~" 

-•».         CO  <O  O  TH  ; 

00  !•-  CO  10  • 


^-^§eo     gi 


2   S   ^l^^^^   ?§^^fes 

eo     co  co 


XO         O  rH  COt-CO  T-H 

ZI  Tt  HH  O  CO  GO 

i         2?  THCOlOt^OS 

*!    °i  QWcsTcc""** 

o     oo  >£?  i 

(M       -^ 


i^(d  crj^      co  o 
'  co  co  o  S!      §  co 


^         55        CO  CO  CO  CO  ' 
*         ?5        00  GO  00  GO  i 


11 

The  sum  of  the  estimated  populations  for  1892  was  4,886,405. 

The  percentages  which  the  population  of  each  state  bore  to 
the  total  population  of  New  England  at  each  of  the  census 
enumerations  of  1870,  1880  and  1890  were  as  follows : 

PERCENTAGES   OF    TOTAL   POPULATION. 
STATES.  1S70.  1880.  1890. 

Maine,  17.97  16.18  14.06 

New  Hampshire,  9.13  8.65  8.01 

Vermont,  9.48  8.28  7.07 

Massachusetts,  41.78  4446  47.63 

Rhode  Island,  6.23  6.90  7.35 

Connecticut,  -15.41  15.53  1588 


New  England,      100.00         100.00        100.00 
The  annual  rate  of  growth  of  each  state  (geometric)  and  that 
of  the  total  population  for  the  period  1880-1890  are  expressed 
by  the  following  figures : 

Maine,  .0018+          Massachusetts,  .0230+ 

New  Hampshire,  .0082+          Rhode  Island,     .0225+ 

Vermont,  .00004  Connecticut,       .0183— 

New  England,  .0160+ 

The  rates  of  growth  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  for 
the  short  intercensal  period  1885-1890  were  respectively 
.0288+  and  .0257+. 

Sex. 

The  ratios  of  the  sexes  in  the  different  states  at  the  two 
census  enumerations  (1880  and  1890)  are  shown  in  table  2, 
wherein  it  appears  that  the  number  of  females  was  greater  than 
that  of  the  males  in  the  whole  district  at  each  census,  the  excep- 
tions being  Vermont  in  each  census  and  Maine  in  1890.  The 
most  uniform  distribution  was  in  Maine  in  1880  (1000  males  to 
1003  females),  and  the  greatest  excess  of  females  was  found  in 
Rhode  Island  in  1880  (1000  males  to  1079  females). 

In  England  and  Wales  the  ratio  of  males  to  females  at  the 
last  census  (1891)  was  as  1000  to  1063. 


12 


H 


O 

1 


°O 


£ 
I 


12-1 

|oS 


S 


«O  T* 

Oi        CO 


T-t  O 

CO        <>1 

-        t- 


O  lO  CO 

oT  co"  oT 

CO  GO  CD 

CO  rH  r-l 


O5  GO 

°i  °1 

CD  <N 

-*  CO 

CO  CO 


>O          rH          t-         Oi          CD 

25      SJ      £r     {r     $2 

O        O5        O        O        O 


rf     CD" 

(M        tr- 

CO          TH 


co"     CD" 

T*<        r-( 

iH          CO 


.r>        ^** 
§3          r^ 


13 


Density  of  the  Population. 

Density  of  the  population  usually  bears  quite  a  definite 
relation  to  the  condition  of  the  people,  and  especially  manifests 
its  influence  in  the  death  rate.  The  population  of  New  England 
exhibits  extreme  variations  of  density,  from  the  sparsely  settled 
Aroostook  region  of  Maine  to  the  densely  populated  wards  of 
the  large  cities. 

In  table  III.  is  presented  the  density  of  New  England  as  a 
whole,  and  separately  by  states.  The  extremes  of  density  were 
21.7  persons  per  square  mile  in  Maine,  and  254.9  per  square 
mile  in  Rhode  Island  in  1880,  and  22.1  per  square  mile  in 
Maine  and  318.4  in  Rhode  Island  in  1890. 

The  mean  density  of  the  whole  district  (New  England)  had 
increased  from  64.7  per  square  mile  in  1880  to  75.8  in  1890. 

In  the  foregoing  estimates,  water  surfaces  amounting  to  4460 
square  miles  or  6.7  per  cent,  of  the  total  area  are  excluded, 
leaving  a  land  area  of  62,005  square  miles. 

TABLE  III. 

Density  of  the  Population.     Census  of  1880  and  1890. 


Area  in 
Square 
miles. 

Population 
in 
1SSO. 

Persons  to 
Square  mile 
1880. 

Population 
in 
1890. 

Persons  to 
Square  mile. 
1890. 

Maine  

29,895 

648,936 

21.7 

661,086 

22.1 

New  Hampshire.  . 

9,005 

346,991 

38.5 

376,530 

41.8 

Vermont  

9,135 

332,286 

36.4 

332.422 

36.4 

Massachusetts 

8,040 

1,783,085 

221.8 

2,238,943 

278.5 

Rhode  Island  

1,085 

276,531 

254.9 

345,506 

318.4 

Connecticut  

4,845 

622,700 

128.5 

746,258 

154.0 

New  England.  .  . 

62,005 

4,010,529 

64.7 

4,700,745 

I 

75.8 

Total  area  66,465  miles,  of  which  4,460  or  6.7  per  cent  is  water. 


14 


INTERNATIONAL  VITAL  STATISTICS. 

The  value  of  statistics  is  greatly  enhanced  by  comparison, 
not  only  of  the  statistics  of  one  state  with  those  of  neighboring 
states,  but  also  with  those  of  large  populations  embracing  entire 
countries. 

The  usefulness  of  the  well-arranged  tables  published  in  the 
preliminary  portion  of  the  Registrar  General's  Reports  of  Eng- 
land is  everywhere  acknowledged.  In  table  IV  the  marriage, 
birth  and  death  rates  of  the  New  England  States  are  presented 
for  a  period  of  twenty  years,  and  for  the  years  1891  and  1892. 
By  this  table  it  appears  that  the  marriage  rate  of  New  England, 
as  a  whole,  for  the  year  1892  (18.5  per  1000)  was  greater  than 
that  of  any  of  the  Transatlantic  countries  quoted  in  the  table, 
the  highest  of  any  of  these  countries  being  that  of  Hungary 
(18.4)  and  the  lowest,  that  of  Ireland  (93).* 

The  birth  rate  of  New  England  in  1892  (24.9  per  1000  of  the 
population)  was  less  than  those  of  any  of  the  other  countries 
except  France  and  Ireland.  Hungary  had  a  birth  rate  of  40.3 
and  France  22  1. 

The  death  rate  of  New  England  in  1892  (19.9)  was  less  than 
those  of  Italy,  Hungary,  Austria,  Germany,  France,  Holland  and 
Belgium,  and  greater  than  those  of  the  British  Islands,  Den- 
mark, Norway,  Sweden  and  Switzerland. 

*  NOTE. — In  the  previous  year  (1891)  Hungary  had  a  marriage  rate  of  17.2. 


15 


J8AO  8TB£[ 


O  CO      •  GO  <M  '3^  Ci 


33^9 


c~.  -t 

OS  GO  O  t-^  O  O 
TH  r-l  <M  r-l  (M  <M 


or^i-Ht"-co»oo      iot-^"tco>ocoq<Ncoqi^qo5T-i 

TJ?  O  OS  OS  t-  "*  •*         O  O  o4  CO*  O5  Oi  t^  CO  O  CO  O  C<5  GO  c4 
(N<MrHi-l(NCSX        COCO(MCO(M^'MCO'*<MCOCO<MC^ 


iO.cocooqcoq      -*  T-H  co  q  cc  o  -t  co  TJJ  r-  ca  "^  "*  c\j 

COt-^rHt^oicit--        tC-tO5>OCOC<iTHOCO't»O"*»O»C 


PQ    ' 


•< 
•*o 

^ 

^i 


J8AO 


CO      •      •  GO  CO  T-H  CO 

o    1    '.  cc  t-  t-co" 


T-H  o  **  T-5  1-5  ?.?  r-5  o  os  i--  co  co  co  o 


O     •  £-7  (N  O  t-  C5 

CS      !  CO  «O  Ci  GO  CO 


C5"     •  CNO"*  C0»0 


O     •  «D  OS  CO  t-  I-H 

co    !  o  o  cooor^ 


X) 


q^Jig  jo  ssaoxg; 


!  »o  o  o  co 


OTHI-OT-I 

co  >o  ci  co  t^ 


.  .  a  o  o  co 


CO   "^  CO  "^  t'*  *~^  O  C^  CO  "^  C^  00  *O  T^  "^ 
<M    CO  CO  CN  C-?  CO  TO  CM  ?•?  rf  <M  CO  CO  'CO  CS 


•  •  co  co  T-J  t-^q 

!  CO  O  COCO  CO 


16 


MARRIAGES. 

The  total  number  of  marriages  registered  in  New  England  in 
1892  was  45, 310,  which,  in  an  estimated  population  of  4,886,405, 
gives  a  marriage  rate  of  9.27,  or,  according  to  the  more  common 
method  of  reckoning,  in  which  the  ratio  of  persons  married  is 
employed,  instead  of  the  number  of  marriages,  the  rate  was 
18.54  per  1,000  of  the  population. 

The  highest  marriage  rate  was  in  New  Hampshire  where  it 
was  21.28  per  1,000,  and  the  lowest,  17.04  was  in  Connecticut. 

The  following  table  presents  the  marriages  and  marriage 
rates  for  1892  :  — 

TABLE  V. 


MARRIAGES   AND   MARRIAGE    RATES    OF 

STATES  —  1892. 


THE     NEW   ENGLAND 


Marriage 

Marriage 

Marriages 

rate  per  1  ,000 

rates  (per- 

Marriage 

1892. 

[population, 

sons  mar- 

rate, 1891. 

1892. 

ried). 

Maine, 

5,726 

8.63 

1726 

New  Hampshire, 

4,074 

10.64 

21.28 

2056 

Vermont, 

2,905 

8.74 

17.48 

16.94 

Massachusetts, 

22,507 

9.50 

19.00 

18.82 

Rhode  Island, 

3,502 

9.63 

19.26 

18.74 

Connecticut, 

6,596 

8.52 

17.04 

17.07 

New  England, 

45,310 

9.27 

18.54 

1850 

i 

The  foregoing  marriage  rates  are  generally  higher  than  those  of 
other  countries  having  registration,  as  shown  in  table  IV.,  p.  15. 

Marriages  by  Month*. 

In  table  VI  are  presented  the  statistics  of  marriages  by  months 
in  four  of  the  states,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
and  Rhode  Island,  by  which  it  appears  that  the  greatest  number 
of  marriages  in  any  month  in  these  states  was  celebrated  in 


17 


«D          <*          tr          49 

?i         'o         §         S 

1 

22 

.0              -t              g,              CO 

tf 

•HMOu,un 

SS      S      °        1 

s 

1- 

Wooa 

S|      eo|      S§1      0^2 

p 

^3  .^ 

s| 

"joqniOAO  NJ 

o^5     -tj5     '"•ij     ^j^ 

S3 

11 

5  « 

•jgqO'JOQ 

Is  3§  ||  Is 

11 

•i 

f-  (                 ^^         <J^  r^                 ^* 

CO1"1 

o  ^ 

a3  § 

. 

^*  O          ^O          ^  »-t          ^  O 

CO    •       Ot-     •       ir**    •        C-l     - 

^(N 

/•Vl 

•I  <7<-J  HI  «7  J^J'*'  O 

i^  Ti       CT  S       *"•  ^       CO  ^H 

T^*  QO 

—    " 

0} 

n     c^- 

co^1-1 

G  | 

GO 

i-H 

•(jsnSny 

^8     ^  S3     "IS     N  S 

P 

1—  H           M 

>H          <xi 
h^                 ^ 
CH               HO 

•<Pf 

li  12  1J  Ig 

II 

P   <D.S 

§•*  s 

...          O          Q 

W3    *^ 

H     g     $ 

•ounf 

it"  Is  |s  fjh 

O  o 
§| 

I|l 

PQ              ^ 

53  "^   § 

<i1             :<- 

5*0  S 

H       P 

'A^pf 

§1  sg  sj  «i 

|i 

""i 
S 

PH 

•judy 

T-T 

P 

^s  2 

S 

•H0JBK 

c^^      w^      w^      %*~. 

COg        (M@        0,g        -§ 

PS 

|l| 

1—1 

*H 

•g-Se. 

•^j'Bnjqaij 

$-    g«    St    g« 

CO  ^        CO  3        t^g        01  | 

o  w 

•kfll 

^    «5    S 

«2  bc*^ 

•— 

il  li  p  gs 

P 

2         :         : 

§=e 

2     g     ^ 

1 

21 

1  1  1 

3 

1=1 

nS          "g          ^ 
O>           "             e«            *> 
H            fe            9           *x 

1 

2  o«« 
^3  o  O 

H£c 
«  2 

«     ^     s     S 

63 

18 

the  month  of  November,  as  well  as  for  each  one  of  these  states, 
except  Rhode  Island,  in  which  the  greatest  number  occurred  in 
June.  The  months  having  the  next  greatest  number  were 
December  in  Maine,  October  in  New  Hampshire  and  Rhode 
Island,  and  June  in  Massachusetts. 

For  these  four  states  the  month  having  the  least  number 
was  March,  and  for  the  separate  states,  January  in  Maine,  and 
March  in  each  of  the  remaining  states. 

For  the  sake  of  comparison,  these  figures  are  reproduced 
according  to  the  method  employed  in  the  Registrar  General's 
Report  of  England  (1892)  by  quarters  of  the  year. 

PERSONS  MARRIED   TO   EACH   1,000   LIVING. 

England 

55  years,        England,  New  England, 

Quarter  Ending.  1838-1892.  1892.  1892. 

March,  13.2  11.7  14.7 

June,  16.4  16.4  20.2 

September,  15.6  15. 1  179 

December,  19.1  17.8  23.0 


Mean  of  whole  period,      16.1         15.4  18.5* 

*  This  average  refers  to  all  New  England :  —  for  the  four  states  embraced  in 
this  monthly  table  the  average  was  18.9. 

In  summing  up  this  subject,  in  a  recent  work,  Dr.  Leffingwell  says : 
"  Religious  and  social  customs  intervene  in  most  civilized  countries,  and  create 
prejudices  for  or  against  the  celebration  of  marriage  during  particular  seasons 
of  the  year. 

In  France  and  Italy  the  majority  of  nuptials  are  in  February.  In  Ireland, 
particularly  in  the  west  and  south,  more  than  half  the  Catholic  marriages  are 
celebrated  between  Christmas  and  Shrovetide.  In  Scotland  there  is  a  strong 
prejudice  against  marrying  in  May.  Agricultural  populations  object  to  the 
season  of  harvest  and  defer  such  ceremonies  till  October  and  November. 
In  Russia  more  than  three-fourths  of  all  marriages  occur  in  autumn  and 
winter." 

"  Influence  of  seasons  on  Conduct." — LEFFINGWELL. 


19 


H 


CM 

GO 


as 


3 

op          ^4*         £*         cj         op 

l^»               O               *  t"               J"7               *T 

»ff       -*        ?.j                  -' 

•^ 

OP  jj  <D 

ft"             O               <M                                                     ^ 

rH 
OS 

fg 

;       »O              T-I              <M              rH 

S       '^              ?•? 

t* 

1  • 

ft       ^         :         :         :         : 

~ 

6* 

,,_,•        CO                      •                  »O                    •  •                   TH 

OS 

0 

.          co           do           os             •           ^ 

OS 

T—  1 

8 

CO               ^               00               t""               -t1 

rH 

p: 

t-          r-          o          t-          »o 

^             (N              « 

fr- 
rH 

s 

i»4        OS                 I—       ,         rH                 77                 t- 

2? 

ft    5    ^    i    ^    ^ 

1 

i 

i     gs     s     s     g 

^            TH                          T-H                           <7                                                             T-H 

1 

r-T 

O              -^              O              OS              «P 

'-i               O 

ft      N 

! 

* 

M       CO               V'l               Vl               <N               CO 

I 

. 

fc-       1        1       t       1       § 

S 

1 

§CO                  C^                  Kt>                  O 
-t              t—              O              t- 
^           ?•      •*.      o^      H. 

CO 

0 

of 

si 

00              TH              O              OS              Jt- 

i—  1                  •"*!                  O                  O                  TH 
rH                  <M                  CO                  CO                  '~ 

ft         of         c<T         »<f         of         -t 

I 

i 

•«*                  <M                  t-                  rH                  -^ 
'N               »O               t—               77               OS 

w-l        '~                                      lO                 ~t_                '7 

^     of     -    (N~          »ff          of          rjT 

1 

8$ 

hi 

h.     i     i     s     i     1 

TH"             rn"             00                                r-T 

I 

5 

-J1                  -HH                  t—                  i—  1                  OS 

M         rH                  rH                   ^                  °°                  r^ 

1—1 

a     3     « 

.  1  1 

S           >           1          "o          C 

^      ^      1      S      5 

Five  States  

20 

Marriages  by  Ages  —  Table  VII. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  men  married  ia  New  England  in 
1892,  whose  ages  were  known,  97  per  cent,  were  between  the 
ages  of  20  and  60  years. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  women,  whose  ages  were  known, 
80.8  per  cent,  were  between  the  ages  of  20  and  60  years. 

Sixty-eight  and  four  tenths  per  cent,  of  the  men  and  64.9 
per  cent  of  the  women  were  between  the  ages  of  20  and  30 
years 

Early  Marriages. 

Two  and  four  tenths  per  cent,  of  the  men  who  were  married, 
whose  ages  were  known,  and  18.8  per  cent,  of  the  women  were 
under  20  years  of  age. 

The  highest  per  cent,  of  men  married  (4.5),  who  were  under 
20,  was  in  New  Hampshire,  and  the  lowest  (1.8)  was  in  Con- 
necticut. 

The  highest  per  cent,  of  females  married  under  20  (27.6)  was 
in  Maine,  that  of  New  Hampshire  for  the  same  class  being  nearly 
the  same  (27.3);  and  the  lowest  per  cent  of  females  married 
(of  the  same  class,  15.4)  was  in  Connecticut. 

Late  Marriages. 

One  and  five  tenths  per  cent,  of  the  men  marrried,  whose 
ages  were  known,  and  less  than  five  tenths  of  one  per  cent,  of 
the  women  married  were  over  60  years  of  age. 

The  highest  percentage  of  men  married,  who  were  more  than 
60  years  of  age,  was  2.36  and  was  in  New  Hampshire;  and 
the  lowest  percentage  of  the  same  class  was  in  Massachusetts 
(1.23). 

The  highest  ratio  of  females  of  this  class  who  were  married 
was  seven  tenths  of  one  per  cent,  and  this  percentage  prevailed 
both  in  New  Hampshire  and  in  Connecticut,  and  the  lowest 
(two  tenths  of  one  per  cent.)  was  in  Rhode  Island. 
Marriages  by  Nativity —  Table  VIII. 

Considerable  importance,  possibly  an  undue  amount,  has 
been  attached  to  the  term  "  nativity  "  as  employed  in  American 


21 


PQ 


CM 

05 
GO 


Si 

^ 


pq 


ig 

I         «' 

03                ** 

O      r-      i-t      t—      cfj      -t 

^ 

|s 

S       8 

^  •  £ 

i-t          5i          rH          -hi          -t          CO 

CO 

Is 

f  1    „• 

O        CO        Ci        CO        O-l        CO 

Ci 

?! 

I  1 

~f      O'      o      o      ~sj     r— 

OO        tr-        00        O        O        O 

0 

0'^ 

H 

* 

tO         ^         >O         !"•         7*1         tC 

oj      i'*      o      o      o      cr* 

1 

ons  married 
birth,  and  2 

i& 

I 
a 

|| 

I 

^H           IT            -M            rH              1             rH 

1 

'"  sH 

^o 

JM 

Q 

l« 

U 

8    £    *     8    5    g 

CO        'N                     <M        CO        O 

i  regard  to  th« 
native  birth  a 

ast  two  colum 

|o     « 

|| 

!"•         rH         3fc          iO         ^         C'T 
O4         CO                      O         CO         »7 

g 

3  **    "^ 

°^ 

0 

«  ao       5 

•d 

^^ 

|E   s 

«  2  yj 

^     JS            £l     S     SS 

*    ft          Q, 

|J| 

-t        'Jj        #         0 

II  | 

«    * 

|| 

•5  a>      tu 

£- 

j*0 

Is  I 

«§£ 

W  0£ 

"2-«  * 
£J* 

iO        t-                   (M        (M        Ci 
O         CO                      CO         1—         Ol 

»0        -*        »         000 

CO         -M                      ^        rH         CO 

P  1 

n 

|  8>  •§ 

S 

£ 

8?     B 

2 

•w 

1-?  ^ 

m 

!    Ill 

£            £             d             03           .S 

s      >.      s      <«     "^      cj 

fl  j?  >•  i  g  o 

L 

="•3 

a-s 
gl 

X 

*  The  stat 
ence  to  the  nun 
unknown. 
The  unkn 

22 

StatisticalfDocuments.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  however, 
that  nearly  the  entire  population  of  New  England  is  derived 
from  races  foreign  to  the  soil.  Those  whose  ancestry  in  this 
country  dates  back  to  the  early  history  of  the  colonies  count 
but  nine  or  ten  generations  at  the  longest. 

The  term  "  nativity",  therefore,  conveys  but  little  meaning, 
when  applied  to  percentages  comprising  portions  of  the  popula- 
tion, since  it  has  reference  to  the  persons  of  a  single  generation, 
without  regard  to  their  parentage  or  ancestry,  immediate  or 
remote.  The  term  u  parent-nativity "  embraces  only  one 
more  generation,  while  there  are  no  statistics  which  include 
generations  earlier  than  the  parents. 

In  the  statistics  of  marriages  on  page  21  the  term  <4  nativity  " 
is  employed  with  reference  only  to  the  persons  married  and  has 
no  relation  to  their  parentage. 

The  statistics  embraced  in  this  table  show  that  the  total 
number  of  marriages  in  New  England  in  1892  was  45,310,  or 
90,620  persons.  Of  this  number,  the  nativity  of  2640  was  un- 
specified ;  55,303  were  natives,  or  62.9  per  cent,  of  those  whose 
nativity  was  specified ;  and  32,677,  or  37.1  were  of  foreign 
birth. 

The  percentages  in  the  last  two  columns  of  table  VIII.  show 
that  the  highest  ratio  of  persons  of  native  birth  married  in  1892 
was  in  Vermont,  and  the  least  in  Massachusetts. 

DIVORCES. 

This  portion  of  the  summary  will  necessarily  be  less  complete 
in  detail  than  those  portions  which  relate  to  vital  statistics,  prop- 
erly so-called,  in  consequence  of  a  greater  want  of  uniformity 
in  the  methods  of  collection  of  the  returns  of  divorces  in  the 
different  states. 

Divorce  statistics  were  not  introduced  into  the  Registration 
Reports  of  any  of  the  States  until  a  comparatively  recent 
period,  but  they  now  form  a  part  of  these  reports  in  each  one  of 
the  New  England  States. 

The  whole  number  of  divorces  granted  in  New  England  in 


1892. 

1891. 

1892. 

1891. 

552 
347 
167 

* 

412 
165 

Massachusetts 
Rhode  Island  . 
Connecticut  . 

790 
296 
501 

799 
275 
475 

Totals  .     .     . 

2,653 

2,126 

23 

1892  was  2,653,  and  these   were  distributed  as  follows.     The 
numbers  for  1891  are  also  presented,  except  those  of  Maine : 


Maine  .  .  .  . 
New  Hampshire  . 
Vermont 


Relative  Distribution. 

In  the  following  table  Column  1  presents  the  number  of 
divorces  granted  in  each  10,000  of  the  population  in  1892. 
Column  2  presents  the  number  granted  as  compared  with  each 
100  marriages  in  1892 ;  and  the  same  ratios  for  1891  are  given 
in  Column  3 : 

Divorces  in  New  England  —  Relative  Distribution. 

1  2                            3 

Number  in  each  Number  in  Number  in 

10,000  of  100                         100 

STATES.                                          population.  marriages.  marriages. 

1892.  1892.  1891. 

Maine 8.3  9.6 

New  Hampshire .     .     .     .  9.0+  8.5  10.5 

Vermont 5.0  5.7  5.9 

Massachusetts      ....  3.3  3.5  3.7 

Rhode  Island 8.1  8.4  8.3 

Connecticut 6.5  7.6  7.3 

New  England      ....  5.4  5.8  5.6 

By  this  table  it  appears  that  the  highest  number  granted  in 
1892  as  compared  with  the  population  was  in  New  Hampshire 
(9.05  per  10,000),  and  the  lowest  was  in  Massachusetts  (3.3.) 

As  compared  with  the  number  of  marriages  the  highest  per- 
centage in  1892  was  in  Maine  (9.6),  and  the  lowest  percentage 
was  in  Massachusetts  (3  5.) 


24 

Sex  of  Libellants  in  Cases  where  Divorces  were  Granted. 
This  is  presented  in  four  states  only,  —  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont  and  Massachusetts. 
The  figures  are  as  follows  :  — 

Ratio  of 
men  to  100 
STATES.  Men.  Women.  Total.  women. 

Maine 142  410  552  35 

New  Hampshire  ...  103  244  347  42 

Vermont 53  114  167  46 

Massachusetts  246  544  790  45 


Total 544          1,312         1,856         41 

The  mean  ratio  of  male  to  female  libellants  was  -11  to  100. 
The  greatest  difference  in  the  numbers  of  the  sexes  of  libellants 
was  in  Maine  (35  men  to  100  women),  and  the  least  difference 
was  in  Vermont  (46  men  to  100  women.) 

Legal  Causes  of  Divorce. 

The  following  table  presents  the  statutory  causes  for  which 
divorces  may  be  granted  in  the  New  England  states.  Some  of 
these  causes  are  very  rarely  presented  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing divorce : — 

Causes  for  which  Divorces  may  be  granted  in  the  New  England 

States. 

The  following  are  the  principal  causes  for  which  divorces 
may  be  granted  in  the  New  England  States  :  — 

Maine. — Adultery  ;  extreme  cruelty  ;  impotence  ;  utter  deser- 
tion for  three  years  next  prior  to  filing  of  libel ;  gross  and  con- 
firmed habits  of  intoxication  ;  cruel  and  abusive  treatment ;  gross 
or  wanton  neglect  or  refusal  to  provide  maintenance  for  wife ; 
nullity  of  marriage. 

New  Hampshire.  —  Divorce  may  be  granted  to  either  party 
for  adultery  ;  impotence  ;  extreme  cruelty  ;  conviction  of  crime 
punishable  by  imprisonment  for  more  than  one  year  and  actual 


25 

imprisonment;  treatment  injurious  to  health,  treatment  to  en- 
danger reason  ;  absence  for  three  years  together  and  not  heard 
from  ;  habitual  drunkenness  for  three  years  ;  joining  a  religious 
sect  which  professes  to  believe  the  relation  of  husband  and  wife 
unlawful ;  refusal  to  cohabit ;  abandonment  for  three  years  ;  nul- 
lity of  marriage  ;  also  to  the  wife  if  husband  has  been  willingly 
absent  for  three  years  without  making  provision  for  support  of 
wife  ;  to  the  husband,  if  wife  has  willingly  absented  herself  for 
three  years ;  if  wife  has  gone  out  of  state  and  remained  away 
for  three  years ;  to  the  wife,  if  wife  of  an  alien  has  lived  in 
New  Hampshire  for  three  years,  and  husband  has  left  the 
United  States  to  become  a  citizen  of  some  foreign  country  and 
has  not  returned. 

Vermont.  To  either  party  for  adultery  ;  imprisonment  for 
life,  intolerable  severity ;  wilful  desertion  for  three  years,  or  for 
seven  years,  and  not  heard  from. 

To  wife,  if  husband,  being  able,  grossly  or  wantonly  and 
cruelly  neglects  to  maintain  her. 

Massachusetts.  To  either  party  for  adultery  ;  impotence  ;  ex- 
treme cruelty ;  utter  desertion  for  three  consecutive  years  next 
prior  to  filing  of  the  libel ;  gross  and  confirmed  habits  of  intoxi- 
cation ;  cruel  and  abusive  treatment. 

To  the  wife,  when  the  husband,  being  sufficiently  able,  grossly 
or  wantonly  refuses  or  neglects  to  provide  suitable  maintenance 
for  her. 

Also,  when  either  party  has  separated  from  the  other  without 
his  or  her  consent,  and  has  united  with  a  religious  sect  or  soci- 
ety that  professes  to  believe  the  relation  of  husband  and  wife 
roid  or  unlawful,  and  has  so  continued  for  three  years,  and 
meantime  refuses  to  cohabit. 

Or  when  either  party  has  been  sentenced  to  imprisonment  at 
hard  labor  for  life,  or  for  five  years  or  more.  Gross  and  con- 
firmed drunkenness  from  opium  and  other  drugs. 

Rhode  Island.  To  either  party  for  adultery  ;  impotence  ;  ex- 
treme cruelty ;  wilful  desertion  for  five  years ;  or  for  a  shorter 
time  in  the  discretion  of  the  court ;  continued  drunkenness ; 


26 


when  either  party  is  deemed  to  be  (on  account  of  punishment 
for  crime),  civilly  dead,  or  is  presumed  to  be  naturally  dead,  for 
other  gross  misbehevior,  or  wickedness  of  either  party. 

To  the  wife,  for  neglect  or  refusal,  on  the  part  of  husband, 
being  able,  to  provide  for  her. 

Connecticut  Adultery  ;  fraudulent  contract ;  wilful  desertion 
for  three  years  with  total  neglect  of  duty  ;  seven  years'  absence  ; 
during  which  period  the  absent  party  has  not  been  heard  from  ; 
habitual  intemperance ;  intolerable  cruelty ;  sentence  to  impris- 
onment for  life ;  any  infamous  crime  involving  a  violation  of 
conjugal  duty. 

In  the  following  table  are  presented  the  statistics  of  divorces 
granted  in  New  England  by  causes  for  the  year  1892,  for  the 
states  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut. 

CAUSES  OF   DIVORCE,    1892. 


Per- 

Causes.                      Maine. 

N.  H. 

vt. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

Total. 

ce't'ge. 

Adultery    70 

75 

27 

166 

82 

420 

17.8 

Desertion                           181 

143* 

78* 

376 

219 

997 

42.5 

Intoxication   or  habit- 

ual drunkenness  .     .     82 

22 

— 

104 

105 

313 

13.3 

Cruel       and      abusive 

treatment    ....  115 

— 

— 

86 

— 

201 

85 

Extreme  cruelty      .     .     — 

89 

42 

18 

69 

218 

9.2 

Neglect  to  provide  for 

wife    17 

— 

11 

29 

— 

57 

2.4 

Imprisonment      ...     — 

2 

1 

4 

— 

7 

3 

Nullity  of  marriage      .       4 

2 

— 

6 

— 

12 

.5 

All  other  causes*     .     .     83 

14 

8 

1 

26 

132* 

5.5 

522 

347 

167 

790 

501 

2,357 

100.0 

NOTE.  New  Hampshire.—  These  143  cases  included  in  the  title  "  Desertion  " 
include  14  classed  as  granted  "  for  three  years'  absence."  Vermont.— Seventy- 
eight  divorces  for  u  desertion  and  wilful  desertion  ;"  42  divorces  for  "  intoler- 
able severity.  The  title,  "  All  other  causes,"  embraces  several  divorces  in 
which  a  combination  of  causes  was  alleged  in  the  application. 


27 

Marriages  of  the  Divorced. 

The  following  additional  information  is  contained  in  the  re- 
ports of  New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut :  — 

MARRIAGES   OF   THE   DIVORCED,    1892. 

Men.  Women.  Total. 

New  Hampshire     ....  86  90  176 

Rhode  Island 59  78  137 

Connecticut 151  159  310 

296  327  623 

BIRTHS. 

In  accordance  with  common  practice,  the  term  births  in  this 
summary  means  living  births.  Still-births  are,  therefore,  con- 
sidered in  a  separate  category,  since  they  form  no  addition  to 
the  living  population.  Likewise,  as  deaths  they  subtract  noth- 
ing from  the  living  population  ;  hence  they  are  not  included  in 
the  death-rate. 

The  term  birth-rate  also  means  the  ratio  of  children  born 
alive  to  the  living  population  for  the  same  reason. 

The  number  of  births  registered  in  New  England  in  1892 
was  121,353,  and  the  birth-rate  was  24.8.* 

The  highest  birth-rate  was  in  Massachusetts  (27.8)  and  the 
lowest  (19.1)  was  that  of  New  Hampshire.* 

*NOTE— It  is  probable  that  in  the  two  states,  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  in 
which  Registration  has  been  operative  for  a  shorter  time  than  it  has  in  the  four 
other  states,  the  registration  of  births  is  considerably  defective.  For  example, 
the  registered  births  in  the  thriving  manufacturing  cities  of  Manchester,  Dover, 
Portsmouth,  Portland  and  Auburn,  having  a  population  of  over  114,000  in  1800, 
were  only  2,445  in  1892,  while  the  deaths  in  the  same  year  were  2,543.  Making 
due  allowance  for  growth  of  population  these  indicated  a  birth-rate  of  about  20.5 
and  a  death-rate  of  about  21.5.  A  population  of  this  character  should  have 
had  a  birth-rate  of  not  less  than  27  per  1000,  and  there  was  probably  a  deficiency 
in  registration  of  not  less  than  800  births  in  these  cities.  Making  due  allowance 
for  increase  of  population  there  was  probably  a  deficiency  of  about  3,300  births 
in  Maine  and  2,000  births  in  New  Hampshire.  The  addition  of  these  numbers 
would  raise  the  birth-rate  of  Maine  to  23.4  and  that  of  New  Hampshire  to  25.1 
and  the  combined  birth-rate  of  New  England  to  25.9. 


'UAVOU>1' 

a;,"   s   s     :• 

1 

02 

•4 

I 

•e,.^ 

s  2  §  1  S  1 

! 

( 

' 

q 
j 

•et« 

2  S  i  |  a  5. 

cf 

c 

n 

-,B,OX 

g  §  g  1  i  g 

! 

•UAVOUJl 

:    S     :     : 

i 

s 

•^no« 

s  s  s  s 

LEGIT 

-,WH 

s  1  s  S 

M 

'l^°Il 

B    §    8    g 

05 

•UAVOU>[ 

50  -   i   i   i  " 

GO 

i 

w 

•>tra« 

8  «  *  1  *  1 

s 

•e,W 

S  I  s  §  s  8 

g 

bd         ^ 

(S 

•Wox 

S  S  S  |  1  | 

eo 

S- 

n  s 

T""1 
HI 

t/5 

i 

•P8S8 

O3       CM                   •*          •        CO 

1 

J            02 

i 

M 
O 

•jaqiUjj 

i  •  i  •  •§  i  § 

r*  .           pQ 

LIVIN 

EKTAGI 

•SS?HH 

M  v  I  i  | 

"SSS4 

O       l>-       *         10       C^l       O 

^        C1^                    Oi        Ci        O 

^    t^           °°^    *"1    ^ 
cJ    of            §J     ^     «> 

'9uir/ 

«      eo~             55"     «      tC 

•UM.OU31 

-un 

8  s.  •  s  is 

I. 

H 

02 

,,^ 

CD"     co"     co"     j^1     -jT     oT 

2 
1 

,™ 

eo 

i 

Whole 
Number. 

CO        b-        00        Tj<        OS        l> 
1C       01        10       £1        OS       00 
t—        CO^       l^         CO         GO         O 

eo1    «>     to    g    to     to 

S 

STATES. 

3      1  1  , 

»               w       S       S 

p    «     2    T;     ° 

s  !  i  1  11 

*'       »       S        OS      ^3        g 

g  K  >  %  &  8 

29 

The  following  table  presents  the  births  and  birth-rates  in  New 
England  in  1892 : 

BIRTHS   AND   BIRTH-RATES   IN   NEW    ENGLAND   IN    1892. 

Registered  living        Birth-rates,  Birth-rates, 

States.  births,  1892.  1892.  1891. 

Maine 13,758  20.7 

New  Hampshire      .          .  7,327  19.1  19.2 

Vermont 6,558  197  20.0 

Massachusetts     ....  65,824  27.8  27.4 

Rhode  Island      ....  8,899  24.5-  25.8 

Connecticut 18,987  24.5+  23.5 


121,353  24.8  25.2 

Births  by  Sexes— Table  IX. 

Of  the  whole  number  of  living  births,  in  which  the  sex  was 
known,  62,050  were  boys  and  58,919  were  girls,  being  in  the 
ratio  of  1,053  males  to  1,000  females.  The  ratios^  in  the  dif- 
ferent states  were  as  follows,  to  1,000  females  in  each:  Maine, 
1,061 ;  New  Hampshire,  1,031 ;  Vermont,  1,056  ;  Massachusetts, 
1,057  ;  Rhode  Island,  1,045  and  Connecticut,  1,047. 

In  England,  for  the  period  of  54  years,  1838-'91,  the  ratio 
was  1,043  males  to  1,000  females,  but  the  difference  has 
diminished  with  considerable  uniformity  from  1,052  in  the  five- 
year  period  (1841-'45)  to  1,036  in  the  period  (1886-'90). 

The  proportion  of  male  to  female  births  in  other  foreign 
countries  was  as  follows  for  the  ten-year  period,  1870-'79 : 
(Newsholme.) 

Males  born  to  every  1000  females  born: 

Italy,                                  1,071  German  Empire,  1,062 

Austria,                             1,068  Holland,  1,061 

France,                               1,064  Belgium,  1,059 

Switzerland,                      1,063  Scotland,  1,057 
Ireland,         1,056. 

Births — Parent  Nativity. — Out  of  113,484  registered  births  in 
the  states  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode 


30 

Island  and  Connecticut,  44,981  or  39.7  per  cent,  were  of  native 
parentage,  47,013  or  41.4  per  cent,  were  of  foreign  parentage, 
and  21,490  were  of  mixed  parentage  (foreign  father  and  native 
mother,  or  native  father  and  foreign  mother.) 

[The  returns  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  are  not  strictly 
comparable  in  this  particular,  with  those  of  the  other  states,  but 
the  discrepancy  (which  cannot  readily  be  eliminated)  would 
only  affect  the  result  to  a  very  slight  degree.] 

In  the  returns  of  Vermont,  not  included  in  the  foregoing 
figures,  no  account  is  taken  of  births  of  mixed  parentage,  and 
the  figures  are  as  follows  for  births,  the  parentage  of  which  was 
known:  American,  5,090  or  78.2  per  cent;  foreign,  1,423  or 

21.8  per  cent. 

The  proportion  of  children  born  of  native  and  of  foreign 
parentage  differed  considerably  in  the  different  states,  the 
figures  being  as  follows  : — 

Parentage  of  Children  Born  Alive.  —  Percentages. 

Of  Native  Of  Foreign  Mixed 

Parentage.  Parentage.  Parentage. 

Maine 66.3  19.8  13.9 

New  Hampshire   .     .     .'  48.8  36.5  14.7 

Massachusetts.     .     .     .  33.4  45.7  20.9 

Rhode  Island    ....  33.2  47.2  19.6 

Connecticut     ....  42.4  40.9  16.7 

New  England   .     .     .  39.7  41.4  18.9 

No  true  estimate  of  the  relative  fecundity  of  the  native  and 
foreign-born  population  can  be  made  from  these  figures  since, 
as  Dr.  Newsholme  shows,  the  'two  classes  are  not  strictly  conj- 
parable. 

Still  births— Table  IX. — The  total  number  of  still-births  regis- 
tered in  New  England  in  1892  was  4,353,  being  in  the  ratio  of 

35.9  per  1,000  of  living  births,  that  of  1891  being  34.8  for  all  of 
the  states  except  Maine. 


31 

In  the  different  states  these  ratios  were  as  follows : — 

Still  Births,  Ratio  per  1000  Living  Births. 

1892      1891  1892 

Maine,  19.6 Massachusetts,         34.8 

New  Hampshire,      54.1     29.2     Rhode  Island,  41.7 

Vermont,  36.1     37.3     Connecticut,  40.2 


1891 

35.3 
29.7 
37.0 


34.8 


New  England 35.9 

Of  the  whole  number  2,528  were  males  and  1,656  were  females, 
while  the  sex  of  169  was  not  stated.  The  ratio  of  males  to 
females  was  as  153  of  the  former  to  100  of  the  latter.  The 
least  variation  in  sex  was  in  Vermont,  which  had  a  ratio  of  123 
still-born  males  to  100  still-born  females,  and  the  greatest  in 
Massachusetts,  where  the  ratio  was  162  to  100. 

Similar  variations  are  known  to  prevail  elsewhere.  Those 
of  France,  Italy,  Belgium,  Sweden  and  Russia  being  respec- 
tively, 144,  140,  135,  133  and  129  males  to  100  females  for  the 
period  1865-1875. 

Plural  Births  —  Table  IX. —  The  number  of  registered  plural 
births  in  New  England  in  1892  was  1,153  and  the  product  of 
such  births  was  2,316  children,  of  which  number  2,286  were 
twins,  and  30  were  triplets. 

This  was  equivalent  to  one  twin  birth  in  106  cases.  Of  the 
whole  number,  1,177  were  boys,  1,131  were  girls,  and  the 
sex  of  eight  was  unknown.  The  ratio  of  males  to  females 
differed  but  little  from  those  of  all  births,  being  in  the  propor- 
tion of  1,041  males  to  1,000  females. 

Of  the  cases  of  triplets  —  one  occurred  in  New  Hampshire, 
one  in  Connecticut,  and  eight  in  Massachusetts. 

Illegitimacy. —  Table  IX. 

The  facts  in  relation  to  illegitimate  births  are  presented  in 
the  registration  returns  of  four  states — Vermont,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut.  In  these  states  returns  were 
made  of  1,348  illegitimate  births,  which  was  in  the  ratio  of  13.4 
per  1,000  living  births  in  these  states. 


32 


The  ratio  in  the  different  states  was  as  follows :  — 

In  Vermont,  10.2  per  1,000  births. 

In  Massachusetts,  15.0  per  1,000  births. 

In  Rhode  Island,  10.7  per  1,000  births. 

In  Connecticut,  10.3  per  1,000  births. 

Of  the  whole  number,  660  were  males  and  610  were  females. 

I/legitimate  Birth- Rates  in  Other  Countries. 

Illegitimate  Illegitimate 

births  per  births  per 

Countries.                        1,000  births.                             Countries.  1,000  births. 

Ireland     ....         25         Norway     ....  82 

Russia      ....         28         Scotland   ....  84 

Holland    ....         30         German  Empire      .  89 

Switzerland  ...         47         Denmark  ....  101 

England  and  Wales        48         Sweden     ....  101 

Italy 73         Saxony      ....  127 

France     ....         74         Bavaria      ....  132 

Belgium  ....         77         Austria     ....  143 

(From  Bertillon.) 


o 


Births  by  months. —  In  table  X  are  presented  the  number 
of  registered  births  by  months  in  each  of  five  states  to- 
gether with  the  aggregates  for  New  England.  By  this  table 
it  appears  that  the  greatest  number  of  births  occurred  in  July 
(10,220)  and  the  next  greatest  number  was  in  December ;  the 
least  number  occurred  in  February  and  the  next  lowest  number 
was  in  June. 

In  order  to  estimate  the  actual  intensity  of  the  birth-rate  at 
different  seasons  of  the  year,  the  effect  of  the  inequalities  in  the 
length  of  the  months  has  here  been  eliminated  by  comparing 
the  births  in  each  month  with  a  daily  mean  for  the  whole  year 
and  reducing  this  to  a  standard  mean  of  100. 

For  example,  the  lower  line  should  read  as  follows : —  For 
each  100  births  which  occurred  in  New  England  in  1892,  in  a 
mean  monthly  period  of  uniform  length,  there  were  95.1 
births  in  January,  98.3  in  February,  etc.,  in  a  similar  period. 


33 


§    S    i     i    i 

§ 

•s 

CO             t—             »O              OS             GO 

l-H 

•UMOUitUfl 

0             S             S                •  '  •       *° 

s 

1 

a> 

j 

P 

•jaqraaoaa 

§w       -to       O^       Q«o       O  o 
^j       Ci  «>       Ct|>       O^       -tc^ 
oj       »C  os       CIO       Gi  TH        ^  o 

0  ^ 

T-H"                           o"rt                       ^^ 

s 

p, 

i—  1  ^          —  t-(M         ^C'**         i—  (C»         1—  O 

A« 

? 

uaqmaAOK 

Ci  CO         »C  Oi         ».7  O         i"  O         »!7  O 

p 

uaqo^oo 

T—  (  O>         ^t»         O*O         »Ot-         <M^< 

is 

r-T                                  iff                                  r-T 

Oi 

§ 

^ 

a 

•aoqui9,das 

^N  00         CS  *t         O«>         ^00         O» 

So 

I 

O 

I 

rH^                              10                                    rl 

cT 

I 

cx 

T— 

2           •§ 

•<             o 

•^suSny 

ii    II    IS    si    §i 

Hi 

? 

• 

§ 

TH^                             10^                ^         rH-" 

3T 

:§ 

M  g 

eg  1 

3      O     8 

H       ^>     to 
H        "W 

5    -S    5 

•^in/1 

S§     ^S     c^8     o?1  o"     ^8 

Ol  S 

itensity  < 
mean  of 

J  kS 
M  ^ 

<1     !• 

H         <X>      >" 
«5>      "« 
IP*       ^> 

•1      fcj      t3 

,unf 

^OJ         O>0         Ol'H         CO>0         i-ilO 

^s 

cT 

11 

H    ' 

3      v^/    3 
v 

1  —  oo       OW       CM  oo       O'-"       ^^ 

®j 

Q 

a 

A'Bpf 

c>i  1-1      co  1-1      cc  oj      i—  04      i.T  S 

OK 

-s  .ti 

£ 

H                           *> 

T—  I                                                  >O                                                  T—  1 

Oi 

SP-S 

P 

H 

)2                         S 
H                        S 

O«o       ooo       ooo       ,-10       -Mr-i 

S5 

n   ^ 

JS 

p: 

}                       § 

IP  V 

S--   *-  S*  °s  S-01 

oT 

&§ 

£  « 

* 

TJMtH 

1—  lO         (M»O         GO>O         &l  *D         CCt> 

1—1  eo     ^J2     52^"     ^S     ^?? 

ii 

fa.  2 

^^                         ^               0                                                       T-l~ 

aT1"1 

^w 

•teiuq^ 

oo      So      3c?      Sol      S  § 

Ii 

1" 

r-r^       ^o               T-T^ 

GO 

•~>A 

•AM,nu^r 

23  §1  |g  gi  11 

sS 

?8 

0                                          l-H 

06 

S  « 

^2 

8        :        :         : 

t§        •«           : 

j 

JB 
i^ 

«       g       -s 

rt 

1 

S§          -2           o 

•2 

H  * 

e«           ,d           t—t            -g 

CJ              W                rt                <U                OJ 

rt         t»         «        ^         a 

i  I  i  1  i 

I 

NOT 

figures  for 

DEATHS. 

The  total  number  of  deaths  registered  in  New  England  in 
1892  was  97,134  and  the  estimated  death-rate  per  1,000  of  the 
living  population  was  19.93. 

The  highest  death-rate  (20.6)  was  that  of  Massachusetts  and 
the  lowest  (18.3)  was  that  of  Maine. 

DEATHS   AND   DEATH-BATES    IN    THE    NEW   ENGLAND   STATES, 

1892. 

Deaths,  Death-rates  per  1,000  inhabitants, 

States.  1892.  1892.  1891. 

Maine 12,147  18.3 

New  Hampshire     .     .  7,699  20.1  18.7 

Vermont 5,960  18.6  16.2 

Massachusetts    .     .     .  48,762  20.6  19.6 

Rhode  Island     .     .     .  7,396  20.3  18.7 

Connecticut  .  15,170  19.6  18.9 


New  England      .     .  97,134  19.9  19.0 

Sex  —  The  deaths  of  males  in  New  England  were  48,922, 
those  of  females  were  48,140  and  the  sex  of  72  was  unknown 
or  not  stated. 

Estimating  the  sexes  in  the  living  population  to  have  main- 
tained the  same  ratio  as  in  the  census  year  1890,  namely,  males 
49.22  per  cent,  and  females  50.78  per  cent.,  or  about  1,032 
females  to  1,000  males,  the  death-rate  of  males  was  20.3  per 
1,000  of  living  males  and  those  of  females  was  19.4  per  1,000 
of  living  females,  and  those  of  the  states  were  as  follows : — 

Males.  Females. 

Maine 17.8  18.7 

New  Hampshire  .     .     .  20.1  20.1 

Vermont 17.4  18.4 

Massachusetts      .     .     .  21.4  19.8 

Rhode  Island  ....  21.1  19.7 

Connecticut    ....  20.5  18.7 

New  England      .     .     .  20.4  194 


35 


^ 


PQ 


§ 


Unknown. 

GO        OS                    <?*l                    OS 

O         GO                     CO                     (N 

3 

H 

M 

'I 

r—  I 

CO        CO                     ^         ^         lO 

S                     of    S    « 

of 

TH 

Native. 

o      °              us      £2,     i-T 

TH                                       CO                        -H 

1 

S 

e 

CO         CO         TH            |             1           O 
CO                    (N                                TH 

p 

a 
4 

I 

iO          O          ^F          OS          *-H          TH 

t—       CO        Ci        TH        1—       O 
?O        CO        <N           if       CO        t— 

O 

TH 

< 

s 

1 

j 

lO        CO        CM          .r       CO       1"* 

of 

3 

> 

1  1151  ! 

TH 

* 

!  -  1  1  i 

oJ                  A       H       -8 

2   w    i    g    «    | 

S     ^     ^     S     W     O 

Deaths  by  Nativity.  —  The  comments  made  upon  the  subject 
of  Nativity  under  the  head  of  Marriages  and  Births,  apply 
also  to  the  subject  of  Deaths. 

From  the  registered  deaths  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut  (table  XI)  it  appears  that  62,671 
deaths,  or  74.5  per  cent.,  were  those  of  persons  of  native  birth, 
and,  18,899,  or  22.5  per  cent.,  were  of  persons  of  foreign  birth, 
and  the  nativity  of  2,497  was  unknown. 

The  highest  ratio  of  deaths  of  persons  of  native  birth  in  these 
four  states  was  in  Maine,  (83.5)  and  the  lowest  (71.8)  was  in 
Massachusetts. 

Deaths  ly  Ages.  —  Of  the  whole  number  of  deaths  registered 
in  New  England  in  1892  (97,345),  there  were  96,838  whose 
ages  were  known  and  are  stated  in  Table  XII.  Of  this 
number,  19,089  were  under  1  year  of  age,  or  19.71  per 
cent. 

There  were  also  8,025  deaths  or  8.29  per  cent,  in  the  next 
class  or  period  of  life,  1-4  years.  The  remaining  percentages 
may  be  found  in  the  table.  It  is  quite  manifest,  however,  that 
these  figures  have  but  very  little  value,  so  long  as  complete 
census  returns  of  the  living  population  of  this  district,  classified 
by  ages,  were  not  obtainable  at  the  time  when  this  summary  was 
compiled. 

The  fact,  for  example,  that  the  deaths  in  Vermont  of  in- 
fants under  1  year  constituted  but  16  per  cent,  of  the  deaths  in 
that  state,  while  those  in  Rhode  Island  constituted  22  per 
cent.,  or  that  the  deaths  of  persons  between  80  and  90  years  in 
Vermont  were  relatively  more  than  double  those  of  Rhode 
Island  for  the  same  period  of  life,  has  no  significance  so  long  as 
we  are  ignorant  of  the  number  of  persons  living  at  those  ages  in 
each  state. 

Hence,  the  only  accurate  conclusion  as  to  the  comparative 
value  of  the  statistics  in  this  table  is  that  which  can  be  made 
from  the  figures  in  the  first  column  (infants  under  1),  by  com- 
parison with  the  births  in  the  same  state,  and  since  the  returns 
of  births  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  are  manifestly  defective, 


37 


5    i 

g 

I 

1 

g 

co 

wox 

'7^1             t*~ 

0 

00 

^ 

»o 

T—  I 

oT 

•n 

3    S 

9 

s 

05 

T-H 

§ 

I 

+001 

;-«  *? 

M 

O) 

SS 

•001-06 

T*l  (N         r1  -H 

SS 

8S 

£% 

SS 

S^ 

COrH      . 

'06-08 

88    |$. 

es 

1§ 

^  «j 

^-  1  - 

S8 

CO  00 

T-T^ 

co- 

t- 

'08-01 

70  O         O  O 

i-T'""1 

T-^O 

1--  ci 

T-H~ 

il 

T-T 

'01-09 

COW        O  «H 
Cv  ^         1^*  ^ 
-t  (N         CiN 

sg 

Ii 

CO  0 

,11 

co  «r 
PJ 

^ 

-t 

1-1 

0 

•09-OQ 

ga   §s 

!|* 

T-H  OO 

CO  O> 

Ii 

§3 

T—  I 

•** 

^ 

00 

•OQ-Ot 

El  Is 

cc  o 

l--r^ 

II 

TH    t> 

ggj 

O  t- 

CO 

TH 

t- 

•Of-08 

iO^        0^ 

I-  CO          OW 

£» 

c:S 

O  O 

ss 

28 

CO  t- 

co 

•^ 

I— 

'OS-OS 

co  oo      :o  o 
i  -i  o       o  l~ 

c:  06      0  «o 

11 

il 

SC  co 

|S 

THOO 

-n 

«H 

00 

•m* 

'M  iM         fN  0 

S3    §53 

S3 

°  ^ 

I! 

15 

p 

•OI-S 

Tl  00        O  00 

^  ^        CO  *"* 
'M  c3         rH  e>i 

s§ 

|| 

SS 

S^ 

<0  CO 

II 

TH 

(M 

'9-1 

^30         01  10 

|—  *JO          Q  ® 

?r'S 

ii 

12 

C1^  06 

12 

^ 

^ 

00 

'\  .lapitfi 

t^"  ^4           <7<|  CO 

co  o 

11 

Ii 

§2 

IS 

T-H                   T-H 

o 

i—  i 

(N 

Ci 

T-H 

§ 

3 

j 

• 

1 

1 

a 

CO 

p 

I 

Maine  
New  Hampsl 

Yermont  .  .  . 

Massachuset 

Rhode  Islanc 

Connecticut. 

•a 

a 
W 

1 

38 


m 

M 


CM 

OS 
OO 


02      /"~N 
W        oo 


0 

a 


^  B 


•aunf 


C^  rH  CO  O  00  W 

Tfi  £1       CO_oo       J*O  o? 

co" 


C  oo 


rH  O 


co'* 

Sal 


JO  >O        (N  «O 

^6      I^OT 


US 

oooo 


CO  <D  rH  W  JO  •"** 

OO  rH  CD   OS  t"  rH 

t—  OT  lO  OO  rH   OT 


:s    Ss 


00         OO  <0         rH  t>         (MOT         CO  CM 


is   II 


t— OT         tOt~         Oil>         CO°0 

S2    wl    8S    8>£ 

rH"^         rH^55         O^ 


w 


§S 

co" 


S 


11 


II 


co  »o 

CO(N 
rH  O5 

t-^ 


co«o 

CO  00 
CC  OT 


Si 

<M"" 


39 


> 

M 
3 


CJ 


KB       1O 

O<         GO 


"    S 

t-        GO 


§5 


00 


«O          i-l 


3* 


40 

the  comparison  can  only  be  correctly  made  in  the  remaining 
states.  In  these  states  the  ratio  of  the  deaths  of  infants  under 
1  to  the  births  was  as  follows :  — 

In  Vermont,  149.6  per  1,000  births. 
In  Massachusetts,  161.8  per  1,000  births. 
In  Rhode  Island,  175.5  per  1,000  births. 
In  Connecticut,  152.8  per  1,000  births. 

Seasonal  Mortality.  —  In  Table  XIII.  are  presented  the  statis- 
tics of  deaths  by  months  in  each  of  the  five  states  for  the  year 
1892.  By  this  table  it  appears  that  in  each  state,  as  well  as  in 
the  whole  group,  the  greatest  mortality  occurred  in  January 
(the  month  in  which  influenza  prevailed  to  its  greatest  extent.) 

The  percentage  of  the  yearly  mortality  in  this  month  was 
17.5  in  New  Hampshire,  or  nearly  double  that  of  any  other 
month  of  the  year. 

The  lowest  mortality,  6.5  per  cent,  of  the  yearly  deaths,  was 
in  June.  This  month  also  had  the  lowest  mortality  in  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut,  while  the  lowest 
mortality  in  Maine  was  in  November  and  December,  and  in 
Rhode  Island  in  October  and  November. 

In  Table  XIV.  are  presented  the  birth  and  death-rates  for  each 
quarter  and  each  state  except  Vermont,  and  the  quarterly  mar- 
riage rate  for  each  state  except  Vermont  and  Connecticut,  and 
for  these  states  collectively. 

Causes  of  Death. 

It  will  be  impossible  in  this  summary  to  state  with  any 
degree  of  accuracy  the  number  of  deaths  in  New  England,  from 
unknown,  unspecified  and  ill-defined  causes,  for  the  reason  that 
in  the  different  states  the  deaths  embraced  in  these  terms,  are 
variously  classified.  In  some  states,  for  example,  the  deaths 
registered  as  due  to  heart  failure  are  embraced  in  this  term,  in 
another  the  deaths  from  sunstroke,  in  some  the  deaths  from 
tumor,  hemorrhage,  etc.,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  state  the 


41 

number  which  should  be  embraced  in  these  terms,  It  is  also 
true  that  indefinite  terms  like  "  cephalitis  "  should  be  dropped 
and  replaced  by  some  intelligible  names.  From  this  cause  one 
person  is  said  to  have  died  in  Vermont  in  1892  and  1,436  in 
Massachusetts.  No  just  comparison  could,  therefore,  be  made 
of  statistics  relating  to  diseases  of  such  uncertain  and  indefinite 
nomenclature. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  deaths  from  specified  causes,  and 
especially  those  from  infectious  diseases,  are  undoubtedly  quite 
trustworthy  and  those  of  one  state  are  comparable  with  those 
of  another  as  well  as  with  those  of  other  countries.  For  this 
reason  no  attempt  is  here  made  to  present  a  complete  tabular  list 
of  all  diseases,  since,  in  one  state,  one  classification  prevails,  and 
in  another  state  another  and  more  recent  classification  is  in 
use.  That  of  Dr.  Farr  is  still  in  use,  where  it  was  first  adopted, 
while  states  in  which  registration  is  of  more  recent  date,  have 
made  commendable  changes.  It  is  quite  plain  that  the  rapid 
progress  of  medical  science  demands  a  change  in  the  nosology 
in  use  in  some  of  the  states. 

The  plan  adopted  in  this  summary  is  simply  that  of  compar- 
ing separately  the  statistics  of  the  causes  of  death  from  certain 
diseases  which  are  recognized  as  preventable,  destructive,  and 
dangerous  to  the  public  health,  together  with  certain  other 
causes  which  are  of  public  interest  and  importance,  or  possibly 
have  a  local,  or  temporary,  character.  Most  of  the  infectious 
diseases  are  embraced  in  the  table.  The  statistics  of  well-de- 
fined diseases  of  this  character  may  be  considered  as  reasonably 
accurate. 

In  table  XV.,  the  figures  presented  are  the  number  of  deaths 
in  each  state  in  1892  from  each  of  certain  causes,  together  with 
the  ratio  per  10,000  of  the  living  population  of  each  state.  The 
totals  and  means  for  New  England  are  also  given. 

Small  pox. —  There  were  only  10  registered  deaths  from  small- 
pox in  New  England  in  1892.  Two  of  these  occurred  in  Massa- 
chusetts, 4  in  Rhode  Island,  and  4  in  Connecticut.  The  death- 
rate  per  10,000  of  the  estimated  living  population  of  New 
England  from  this  cause  was  .02. 


42 


.    <M 


0) 


^  I  II 

H    H  5-8 

,  H     Q  e   e 

'""^           ^^  *0       p* 


EH    a* 

w 


^     1 


.9 


So*! 


<s   . 
o| 


CO        CO        t--        O         GO        <?q        t^ 

(N          10          CO'          rH          T-H          rH          O 


C<J  O  (M  rH  t-  t~  Jr- 

CM  O  T-H  <M  CO  CO  CO 

r-l  £-  GO  CO  O  CO  CM 

i-T  of  T-T  io"  o"  cT  co~ 


8 


co      o      co      10      co      co      I-H 

CO       IT—       Tj5        (N        GO        O5       t— 


s   §§ 


CO        O5        GO        ^        CO 

T-H      TJ?      co      t-^      c<i 


co      T-H      »o 

(^        50        CO 


CO 
CO 


CO         CO         O5 


J^-         TH          t— I          tC 

GO         <M         T-H         ^ 
rH          rH          <M          ?£ 


t--      t^      co      »o      cq 

"^         C^         O5        O5 


<N         CO         <>J 

CO        ^         CO 


O5        O        <M 

<7<l        CO        i— l 
(^ 


a  s 


®  .5 


s 


^  ^ 

6    1    3    ^    .=     §    g 
^^^5o      §3     .2      I     •§ 

"3    i'§§^|:§    g    I 

^C^PH^SPHW 


S 


43 


CO 

O5 

»o 

lO    GO    CO 

O     CO 

t- 

CO    O      05 

->i 

0 

^    i-H    0 

CO 

rH       (M 

10 

rH    '""'       rH 

r^ 

CO 

t—    rH    O5 

i 

co" 

1 

1 

CO    <7<l    O5 

CO    rH    >O 

01   Thi   cq 

i    | 

I 
eC 

>o"       S" 

1 

! 

1  i  3. 

co"      ^ 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO    CO    O 

•<*      CM 

CO 

rH    CO       (N 

10 

o* 

CO    (M    CO 

^ 

rH          i-H 

rH       0} 

^ 

05            3 

rH 

CD 

t-   rH    00 

1 

i 

5? 

§  CD  22 

8   S 

rH       rH 

1 

3  8   § 

1 

1 

§  «  i 

^ 

t- 

10 

O   t-   CO 

O       ^ 

o 

O5   t-      t~- 

0 

^ 

o  »o  o 

05 

1-1 

Ol        "t 

id 

Oi           C5 

rH 

*" 

00        t- 

1 

8 

CO 

«  •  « 

rH       rH 
t-      CD 

CO 

co        co 

1 

i 

1  2  1 

rH 

0 

•* 

CO    O    CO 

CO      t- 

O5 

rH    rH       C5 

10 

CO 

CO   <N   O 

~* 

1—  1 

*"! 

* 

10 

rH            r* 

rH 

CO 

t-    rH    00 

i 

1 

$ 

GO    CO    CO 

S      g 

rH       CO 

1 

of       co" 

1 

i-T 

§  S  1 

.0 

10 

CD 

lH   te>   vH 

O5       O5 

rH 

O    CO      GO 

10 

0 

10   t-   O 

1—  1 

rH 

CO 

oi       10* 

00 
1—  1 

^ 

1—  1 

I 

CO 

8 

't    rH    CO 

s  g 

1 

§    3       05 
CO             rH 

rH 
CO 

§ 

l_aj 

CO 
CO 

o 

rH 

iO 

rH    O    CO 
rH 

CO      CO 
rH       rH 

1—  I 
CO 

»O    O5       Ol 

CO            rH 
rH             rH 

O5 

CO 

O   CO   >0 

CO    rH'    rH 

i 

CO 

O5 
rH 

CO   O5   iO 
CO   <N 

3       £ 

1 

t-    CO       TH 

S  »   5? 

rH 

1 

O5    rH    rH 
CN        ^ 

-t 

CO 

CO 

oq   o  co 

t-      0 

rH 

O    CO      •<* 

iO 

0 

t-    05    CO 

^ 

rH 

CO 

s  ^  s 

CO 

1—  I 

TH 

»o      m 

!§ 

t— 

3 

s 

CO   I-H   fN 
rH    CO    Tt* 

9  e 

1 

22  '5    S3 

o^  oo 

1 

i 

CO        t- 

bO 

:  3  ; 

^3  . 

.  o  • 

'1   s 

T? 

o  • 

1 

1 

Influenza  

Whooping  Cough  .  . 

1 

1 

2 
1 

a 

Malarial  Fever  
Erysipelas  
Puerperal  Fever..  . 

Dysentery  

Diarrhoea  and 
Morbus  

Cancer  

Apoplexy  and  Para 
Insanity  

All  Other  Disej 
Xervous  System. 

Diseases  of  the  Cir 
Organs  

M 
*o 

CO 

8 

<n 

Q 

1  1  i 

"3    .^    TJ 

2  Is  3 

<J  cw  O 

44 

Measles.  —  The  deaths  from  measles  were  226,  or  .46  per 
10,000  of  the  living  population  of  New  England.  The  highest 
death-rate  from  this  cause  (.77)  was  in  Rhode  Island,  and  the 
lowest  (.24)  in  Vermont. 

Scarlet  Fever. —  The  deaths  from  scarlet  fever  in  New  Eng- 
land were  1,122  and  the  death-rate  2.3  per  10,000.  The  highest 
death-rate  from  this  cause  (3.6)  occurred  in  Connecticut,  and 
the  lowest  (.54)  in  Maine. 

Diphtheria  and  Croup. —  In  accordance  with  common  modern 
usage,  diphtheria  and  fatal  croup  are  grouped  together.  From 
these  causes  there  were  2,750  deaths  in  New  England  and  the 
death-rate  was  5.6.  The  highest  rate  (7.0)  was  in  Connecti- 
cut, and  the  lowest  (3.2)  was  in  Maine. 

Typhoid  Fever. —  From  this  cause  there  were  1,812  deaths  in 
New  England  in  1892,  and  the  death-rate  was  3.7.  The  highest 
death-rate  from  this  cause  was  in  Maine  (4.3)  and  the  lowest 
(2.8)  was  in  New  Hampshire. 

Whooping-cough, —  The  deaths  from  this  cause  in  New  Eng- 
land were  444  and  the  death-rate  was  .91.  The  highest  death- 
rate  from  this  cause  (1.05)  was  in  Massachusetts,  and  the 
lowest  (.48)  was  in  Vermont. 

Qerebro- Spinal  Meningitis. —  The  deaths  from  this  cause  in 
New  England  were  262,  and  the  death-rate  .53.  The  highest 
death-rate  from  the  same  cause  was  1.65  in  Vermont,  and  the 
lowest  (.36)  in  Massachusetts. 

Erysipelas. — The  deaths  from  erysipelas  in  New  England 
were  412,  and  the  death-rate  was  .84.  The  highest  death-rate 
from  the  same  cause  (1.02)  was  in  New  Hampshire,  and  the 
lowest  (.47)  was  in  Maine. 

Puerperal  Fever. —  From  this  cause  259  deaths  were  regis- 
tered in  1892  in  New  England,  and  the  death-rate  from  the 
same  cause  was  .59.  The  highest  death-rate  (1.01)  was  in 
Connecticut,  and  the  lowest  (.09)  was  in  Vermont. 

Influenza. — The  whole  number  of  registered  deaths  from  in- 
fluenza in  New  England  in  1892  was  3337,  and  the  death-rate 
was  6.8  per  10,000  of  the  living  population.  The  highest  death- 


45 

rate  from  this  cause  (11.5)  was  in  Vermont,  and  the  lowest 
(4.08)  was  in  Massachusetts.  The  number  of  deaths  from  this 
cause  in  January  and  February  was  2469,  or  more  than  74  per 
cent,  of  the  whole  number.  The  measure  of  the  incidence  of 
this  disease  upon  the  population  is  not  alone  found  in  the 
deaths  registered  under  this  term  "  influenza,"  but  also  to  a 
considerable  extent  in  the  increase  of  deaths  from  pneumonia, 
bronchitis,  consumption,  heart  disease,  old  age,  and  a  few  other 
causes. 

Consumption. — The  total  number  of  deaths  from  this  most 
destructive  disease  was  10,667,  and  the  death-rate  21.8.  The 
highest  death-rate  from  this  cause  (24.2)  was  in  Massachusetts, 
and  the  lowest  (18.3)  was  in  Connecticut.  In  those  states 
which  have  had  registration  for  several  years,  the  mortality 
from  this  cause  is  found  to  be  steadily  diminishing. 

Pneumonia. —  The  total  number  of  deaths  from  pneumonia  in 
New  England  in  1892  was  10,337,  and  the  death-rate  from  the 
same  cause  was  21.2.  The  highest  death-rate  (25.4)  was  in 
Vermont,  and  the  lowest  (18.1)  was  in  Rhode  Island 

In  the  sea-coast  districts  the  pneumonia  death-rate  is  generally 
lower  than  that  of  the  inland  or  elevated  regions.  The  death- 
rate  of  Franklin  and  Caledonia  counties  in  Vermont  from  this 
cause  was  23.2  in  1892,  and  that  of  Bennington  county  in  the 
same  state  was  only  17.0.  In  Massachusetts,  lor  the  20-year 
period  1871-1890,  the  pneumonia  death-rate  of  the  four  western 
or  inland  counties  was  as  follows : 

Berkshire,  16.6  Hampshire,  15.9 

Franklin,  16.4  Hampden,  16.3 

and  those  of  the  southeastern  counties  were  as  follows: 

Nantucket,  9.7  Plymouth,      •         11.6 

Dukes,  10.8  Barnstable,  11.6 

Bronchitis. —  The  total  deaths  from  bronchitis  were  3287,  and 
the  death-rate  was  6.7.  The  highest  death-rate  from  this  cause 
was  in  Rhode  Island  (8  5),  and  the  lowest  was  in  Vermont  (1.3). 


46 

A  better  measure  of  the  mortality  from  acute  lung  disease 
may  be  had  by  taking  the  sum  of  these  three  causes — pneumo- 
nia, bronchitis  and  influenza  —  by  which  it  appears  that  the 
combined  death-rate  from  these  three  causes  was  more  uniform 
throughout  the  six  states  than  that  of  either  cause  considered 
by  itself.  The  total  deaths  from  these  causes  were  10,961,  and 
the  death-rate  was  34.7.  That  of  the  states  was  as  follows: 

Maine,  37.3  Massachusetts,        33  5 

New  Hampshire,    37.5  Rhode  Island,         35.8 

Vermont,  38.3  Connecticut,  33.7 

Dysentery.  —  The  deaths  from  dysentery  in  New  England  in 
1892  were  488  and  the  death-rate  1  per  10,000  of  the  popula- 
tion. The  highest  mortality  for  this  cause  (1.9),  was  in  Rhode 
Island  and  the  lowest  was  in  Maine  (.7). 

Diarrhoea  and  Cholera  Morbus. —  The  deaths  from  these 
causes  were  1,136  and  the  death-rate  2.32.  The  highest  death- 
rate  was  4.4  in  Rhode  Island  and  the  lowest  .9  in  Vermont. 

Cholera  Infantum. —  Under  this  term  are  included  the  deaths 
registered  from  cholera  infantum  and  from  infantile  diarrhoea, 
—  5,621  in  number.  The  death-rate  from  this  cause  in  Ne\v 
England  was  11.5.  The  highest  was  17.4  in  Rhode  Island  arid 
the  lowest  (6.3),  was  in  Vermont. 

The  total  deaths  from  the  foregoing  diarrhoeal  diseases  in 
New  England  in  1892  were  7,245,  and  the  combined  death-rate, 
14.82.  Those  of  the  six  states  from  these  combined  causes  were 
as  follows  : 

Maine,  10.0         Massachusetts,          15.7 

New  Hampshire,          12.6         Rhode  Island,  23.7 

Vermont,  8.1         Connecticut,  16.1 

Malarial  Fever.* — The  total  deaths  from  malarial  fever  in 
New  England  were  236,  and  the  death-rate  from  this  cause  was 
.48.  The  highest  death-rate  was  1.28  in  Connecticut,  and  the 
lowest  (.08),  was  in  New  Hampshire.  Malarial  fever  can 
scarcely  be  said  to  exist  in  the  three  northern  states  of  New 
England. 

NOTE.— An  eminent    New    England   physician    has    very  aptly   described 
malarial  fever  in  New  England  as  a  "  tender  exotic,"  which  requires  peculiar 
io.  renditions  for  its  continuance.     In  nearlv  everv  instance  where  the 


47 

Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System. 

Apoplexy  and  Paralysis.  —  The  number  of  deaths  registered 
under  these  two  headings  in  New  England  in  1892  was  5,654, 
and  the  death-rate  per  10,000  of  the  population  was  11.57. 
The  highest  death-rate  from  the  same  causes  was  13.5  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  the  lowest  (9.1)  was  in  Connecticut. 

Insanity.  —  The  number  of  deaths  charged  to  insanity  in 
New  England  was  496,  and  the  death-rate  was  .96.  The 
highest  death-rate  from  this  cause  (1.28)  was  in  Maine,  and 
the  lowest  (.33)  was  in  Vermont. 

All  Other  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System.  —  From  all  other 
diseases  of  the  nervous  system  there  were  5,823  deaths,  or 
11.92  per  10,000  of  the  population.  The  highest  death-rate 
from  these  causes  was  14.2  in  Connecticut  and  the  lowest  (5.8) 
was  in  Vermont, 

From  the  three  foregoing  causes  combined  there  were  11,946 
deaths,  and  the  combined  death-rate  was  24.45. 

Cancer.  —  The  number  of  deaths  attributed  to  Cancer  in., 
New  England  in  1892  was  2,796,  and  the  death-rate  was  5.7 
per  10,000  of  the  population.  The  highest  death-rate  from 
this  cause  was  in  Vermont  (6.14),  and  the  lowest  was  in  Con- 
necticut (4.77).  These  differences  are  probably  due  to  the 
existence  of  a  greater  ratio  of  persons  above  50  years  of  age  in 
the  three  northern  states  of  the  district  as  compared  with  the 
three  southern  states  (Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut). 

Diseases  of  the  Circulatory  System.  —  The  total  number  of 
deaths  attributed  to  diseases  of  the  circulatory  organs  was 
7,900,  and  the  death-rate  per  10,000  was  16.17.  The  highest 
(18.5)  was  in  Vermont,  and  the  lowest  was  in  Maine  (13.5). 

Kidney  Diseases.  —  The  whole  number  of  deaths  ascribed  to 
kidney  diseases  in  New  England  was  2,945,  and  the  cleath-rate 
was  6.02  per  10,000  of  the  population.  The  highest  death-rate 
from  this  cause  (7.09)  was  in  Rhode  Island,  and  the  lowest 
(4.00)  was  in  Maine. 


48 

Accident.  —  The  deaths  from  accident  in  New  England  were 
3,620,  and  the  death-rate  was  7.4.  The  highest  death-rate 
from  this  cause,  or  group  of  causes,  was  8  5  in  Rhode  Island, 
and  the  lowest  was  4.5  in  Vermont. 

/Suicide.  —  There  were  520  registered  deaths  from  suicide, 
and  the  death-rate  from  this  cause  was  1.06.  The  death-rates 
ranged  from  a  maximum  of  1.33  in  New  Hampshire  to  a 
minimum  of  .52  in  Rhode  Island. 

Old  Age.  —  The  fact  that  there  were  4,414  deaths  recorded 
under  the  title  of  old  age  has  but  little  significance,  and  the 
greater  death-rate  of  the  three  northern  states  under  this  term, 
as  was  stated  under  the  title  "  Cancer,"  simply  means  that  the 
number  of  old  persons  was  relatively  greater  in  these  states. 

The  following  infectious  diseases  have  characteristics  of 
peculiar  interest  to  the  sanitarian,  and  yet  their  incidence  upon 
the  New  England  population  in  1892  was  comparatively 
insignificant. 

Hydrophobia  was  unusually  prevalent  in  1888,  1889  and 
1890,  but  in  1892  only  two  deaths  from  this  cause,  were  regis- 
tered one  in  Massachusetts  and  one  in  Connecticut. 

There  were  no  reported  deaths  from  glanders,  trichinosis  or 
Asiatic  cholera  in  1892. 

Anthrax  or  malignant  pustule  finds  an  occasional  victim  in 
towns  in  which  foreign  hides  and  other  animal  products  are 
treated.  There  were  six  deaths  from  this  cause  reported  in 
1892,  five  of  which  were  in  Massachusetts  and  one  in  Rhode 
Island. 

Vital  Statistics  of  Cities. 

The  rapid  increase  of  the  urban  population  in  New  England 
gives  to  the  vital  statistics  of  the  cities  a  special  interest.  In 
the  following  table  (table,  XVI.),  in  which  are  presented  the 
vital  statistics  of  all  cities  and  towns  having  more  than  10,000 
inhabitants  in  each,  the  figures  may  be  regarded  as  reasonably 
correct,  with  the  exception  of  the  registered  births  in  some  of 


49 

the  cities  of  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  which  are  probably 
deficient  in  number.- 

The  items  presented  are  the  population  of  each  city  by  the 
census  of  1890,  the  number  of  registered  marriages,  births  and 
deaths  in  each  in  1892,  the  general  death-rate  per  1,000  for  the 
same  year,  using  for  this  purpose  the  estimated  population  for 
1892,  and  the  number  of  deaths  and  death-rates  per  10,000  from 
eight  selected  causes  of  death,  which  are  of  special  interest  to 
the  sanitarian. 

The  estimates  of  population  for  all  places  having  over  20,000 
inhabitants  are  made  by  the  geometric  rate  of  increase  during 
the  last  census  interval,  and  those  of  all  of  the  smaller  cities  by 
the  arithmetric  rate. 

From  this  table  it* appears  that  the  total  number  of  marriages 
in  these  towns  registered  in  1892  was  25,223,  and  the  marriage- 
rate  was  10.33  (persons  married  20.66). 

The  total  number  of  births  registered  was  72,456  and  the 
birth-rate  was  29.68. 

The  total  number  of  deaths  was  51,375,  and  the  death-rate 
was  21.01. 

The  following  are  the  maximum  and  minimum  death-rates  in 
the  foregoing  list : — 

DEATHS  PER  1,000  OF  THE  LIVING  POPULATION. 


Biddeford  .  .  .  27.6 

Lowell  .  .  .  26.6 

Lawrence  .  .  .  26.4 

Chicopee  .  .  .  26.2 

Dover  .  .  .  25.4 

Fall  River  ..  .  .  24.0 

Concord  .  .23.5 

Holyoke  .  .  .  23.4 

Boston  .  .  .  23.3 

Hartford,  22.9 


Auburn  .  .  .  15.7 

Waltham  .  .  .15.7 

Lewiston  ,  .  .  15.2 

Quincy  .  .  .  15.1 

Hyde  Park  .  .  .  15.0 

Peabody  .  .  .  15.0 

Newton  .  .  .  14.8 

Brookline  .  .  .  14.8 

Clinton  .  .  .  14.5 

Brockton  13.7 


From   certain  special   causes   the    maximum   and   minimum 
death-rates  were  as  follows :  — 


TABLE   XVI. 

VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  NEW  ENGLAND  CITIES  AND  TOWNS  HAVING 

Arranged  according  to  number  of 


i 

gf  a 

DEATHS  AND  DEATH 

w) 

S 

H 

13 

g'fa  ft 

|il 

CITY  AND  STATE. 

i 

£ 

C«0 

& 

P3  g 

1 

| 

1 

a 

1 

^g§ 

3!  . 

4*ji 

2  IS 

"*f  5  QJ  o 

2 

o< 

o 

c 

e« 

"£ 

c$ 
o> 

"08  0  ® 
Vto> 

®  fat! 

|5S 

slaj 

fc 

P4 

« 

s 

ft 

Q 

ft^ 

a 

1 

Boston,  Mass.,  

418,477 

5,315 

15,466 

11,221 

23.3 

261 

5.5 

485 

10.2 

2 

Providence,  R.  I.  ,  .  .  . 

132,146 

1  592 

3,953 

2,964 

21.4 

38 

2.7 

72 

5.2 

3 

Worcester,  Mass.,... 

84,655 

'878 

2,853 

1,817 

19.6 

15 

1.6 

69 

7.5 

4 

New  Haven,  Conn.,. 

81,298 

918 

2,581 

1,779 

19.5 

44 

4.8 

84 

9.2 

5 

Lowell,  Mass.,  

77,696 

948 

2,731 

2,229 

26.6 

13 

1.5 

28 

3.3 

6 

Fall  River,  Mass  ,  .  . 

74,398 

872 

2,596 

1,986 

24.0 

27 

3.3 

59 

7.1 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  .  . 

70,028 

733 

2,338 

1,523 

20.4 

16 

2.1 

53 

7.1 

8 

Lynn,  Mass.,  

55,727 

657 

1,653 

1,086 

18.0 

3 

.5 

30 

5.0 

9 

Hartford,  Conn.,  

53,230 

633 

1,401 

1,277 

22.9 

31 

5.5 

103 

18.5 

10 
11 

Bridgeport,  Conn.,.  . 
Lawrence,  Mass.,... 

48,866 
44,654 

570 
538 

1,699 
1,311 

955 
1,246 

17  4 

26.4 

18 
44 

3.3 
9.3 

22 

28 

4.0 

5.9 

12 
13 

Springfield,  Mass.,.  . 
Manchester,  N.  H.,. 

44,179 
44,126 

469 
739 

1,395 
1029 

995 
1,038 

21.2 
22.2 

14 

2 

3.0 

.4 

48 
11 

10.2 
2.3 

14 

New  Bedford,  Mass., 

40,733 

515 

1,659 

991 

22.5 

4 

.9 

10 

2.3 

15 

Somerville,  Mass.,.. 

40,152 

426 

1,282 

718 

15.9 

13 

2.9 

8 

1.8 

16 

Portland,  Me.  

36,425 

207 

808 

782 

21.2 

3 

.8 

12 

3.2 

17 

Holyoke,  Mass  ,  — 

35,637 

413 

1,646 

922 

23.4 

13 

3.3 

71 

18.1 

18 

Salem,  Mass.,  

30,801 

293 

890 

717 

22.5 

'  3 

.9 

11 

3.4 

19 

Waterbury,  Conn.  .. 

28,646 

291 

1,210 

710 

19.4 

7 

1.9 

20 

5.5 

20 

Chelsea,  Mass.,  

27,909 

342 

918 

650 

22.5 

13 

4.5 

18 

6.2 

21 

Pawtucket,  R.  I  .... 

27,633 

331 

726 

642 

21.6 

5 

1.7 

9 

3.0 

22 

Haverhill,  Mass.,... 

27,412 

314 

781 

495 

16.5 

5 

1.7 

2 

.7 

23 

Brockton,  Mass.,  .  .  .  . 

27,294 

279 

711 

416 

13.7 

2 

.7 

15 

4^9 

24 

Taunton,  Mass.,  — 

25,448 

232 

714 

595 

22.7 

8 

3.0 

12 

4.6 

25 

Gloucester,  Mass.,. 

24,651 

223 

652 

431 

16.6 

4 

1.5 

2 

.8 

26 

Newton,  Mass.,  

24,379 

247 

639 

393 

14.8 

_ 

- 

8 

3.0 

43 

Norwich,  Conn.,  — 

23,048 

222 

584 

455 

19.4 

9 

3.8 

6 

2.6 

27 

Maiden,  Mass  ,  

23,031 

244 

787 

452 

17.1 

7 

2.6 

13 

4.9 

28 

Fitchburg,  Mass.  ,  .  .  . 

22,037 

293 

909 

445 

17.5 

2 

.8 

6 

2.4 

29 

Lewiston,  Me  ,  

21,701 

250 

535 

340 

15.2 

- 

- 

9 

4.0 

30 

Meriden,  Conn.  ,  — 

21,652 

244 

834 

455 

17.0 

1 

.4 

13 

4.8 

31 

Woonsocket,  R.  I.,.. 

20,830 

220 

713 

445 

19.3 

0 

2.6 

8 

3.5 

32 

Lincoln,  R.  I.  

20,355 

170 

701 

450 

20.7 

2 

.9 

4 

1.8 

33 

Newport,  R.  I  ,  

19,457 

151 

488 

404 

20.8 

4 

2.0 

27 

13.9 

34 

Nashua  N  H.,  

19,311 

266 

698 

402 

19.6 

_ 

_ 

3 

1.5 

35 

Bangor  Me.,  

19,103 

211 

365 

364 

18.3 

_ 

36 

Waltham,  Mass.,  ... 

18,767 

219 

575 

319 

15.7 

10 

4.9 

_ 

_ 

37 

Warwick,  R.  I.,  

17,761 

171 

480 

381 

19.1 

2 

1.0 

8 

4.0 

38 
39 

Norwalk.  Conn.  ,  
Pittsfield,  Mass...... 

17,747 
17,281 

155 

128 

431 

502 

336 
322 

18.3 
17.5 

2 
10 

1.1 
5.4 

15 

12 

8.1 
6.5 

40 

Concord.  N.  H.  

17,004 

176 

416 

415 

23.5 

3 

1.7 

3 

1.7 

41 

Quincy  Mass.      .   .  . 

16,723 

148 

613 

288 

15.1 

2 

1.1 

10 

5.4 

42 

New  Britain,  Conn., 

16,519 

218 

644 

353 

17.6 

3 

1.5 

17 

8.5 

44 

North  Adams,  Mass.  , 

16,074 

154 

602 

345 

19.7 

8 

4.6 

34 

19.5 

45 

Stamford,  Conn.  ,  — 

15,700 

94 

495 

378 

22.8 

29 

17.5 

28 

16.8 

46 

Northampton.  M  ass  .  , 

14,990 

128 

366 

267 

16.8 

6 

3.8 

9 

5.7 

47 

Burlington,  Vt.,  

14,590 

150 

396 

338 

22.2 

4 

2.6 

3 

2.0 

48 

Biddeford,  Me.  

14,443 

151 

509 

408 

27.6 

_ 

_ 

20 

13.5 

49 

Chicopee,  Mass.  ,  — 

14,050 

232 

567 

395 

26.2 

7 

4.6 

5 

3.3 

50 

Newburyport,  Mass.  , 

13,947 

113 

338 

310 

22.2 

4 

2.8 

23 

16.4 

51 

52 

Marlboro,  Mass  ,  — 
New  London,  Conn., 

13,805 
13,757 

116 

154 

444 

369 

241 

287 

16.1 
19.9 

3 
6 

2.0 
4.2 

3 
2 

2.0 
1.4 

53 

Wob  urn,  Mass.,  

13,499 

95 

419 

270 

19.0 

4 

2,8 

8 

5.6 

54 

Dover,  N.  H.  

12,790 

105 

296 

331 

25.4 

2 

1.5 

10 

7.7 

55 

Brookline,  Mass.,.  .  . 

12,103 

143 

364 

196 

14.8 

_ 

_ 

4 

3.0 

56 

Rutland   Vt         

11,760 

104 

264 

209 

16.6 

_ 

_ 

19 

15.1 

57 

Auburn   M^e 

11.250 

103 

151 

182 

15.7 

3 

2.6 

5 

4  3 

58 

Medford,  Mass.,  .... 

11,079 

85 

330 

207 

17.4 

3 

2.5 

3 

2.5 

59 

11,068 

123 

511 

255 

19.4 

3 

2.3 

10 

7.6 

60 

Weymouth,  M  ass.  ,  .  . 

10,866 

80 

234 

200 

18.3 

2 

1.8 

4 

3.7 

61 

Beverly,  Mass.,  

10,821 

78 

248 

206 

18.0 

_ 

_ 

1 

.9 

62 

Augvista,  Me.,  

10,527 

151 

206 

222 

20.4 

- 

1.0 

7 

6.4 

63 

Clinton,  Mass.,  

10,424 

122 

342 

160 

14.5 

2 

.8' 

2 

1.8 

64 

Ansonia,  Conn  ,  

10,342 

89 

374 

185 

16.8 

1 

.9 

4 

3.6 

65 

Hyde  Park,  Masa.,.. 

10,193 

81 

280 

164 

15.0 

_ 

- 

3 

2.8 

66 

Peabody,  Mass.,  .... 

10,158 

56 

219 

156 

15.0 

1 

1.0 

_ 

_ 

67 

Greenwich,  Conn.,.. 

10,131 

55 

214 

177 

16.7 

1 

.9 

1 

.9 

All  the  Cities,.  .  .  . 

- 

25,223 

72,456 

51,293 

21.0 

758 

3.1 

1.552 

6.3 

OVER  10,000  INHABITANTS  IN  RACK,  FOR  THE  YEAR  1892. 

Population  by  Census  of  1890. 


RATES  FROM  CERTAIN  CAUSES,  PER  10,000  LIVING. 

6« 

1! 

o>Ti 
€80 

«•§, 

1" 

£2 

3.2  „• 
P33  3 

1. 

|| 

fl    . 
o.S 

Ss» 

«! 

1:1 

P 

>d 

«*    _! 

A  3 

"**  3 

CM 

Deaths 
Typhoi 
ver. 

Death 
fromTj 
Fever. 

Deaths 
Choleri 
fantum 

sif 

•ll 

Q 

Deaths 
Phthisi 

i§  • 

Deaths 
Pneum 

Death 
from 
monia. 

Deaths 
Broncl: 

5  3.2 

Q*"1  ' 

Number 

137 

2.9 

563 

11.9 

1,552 

32.8 

1,144 

24.2 

643 

11.5 

1 

52 

3.8 

201 

14.5 

371 

26.8 

277 

20.0 

130 

9.4 

2 

17 

1.8 

127 

13.9 

207 

22.5 

158 

17.3 

84 

9.1 

3 

26 

2.9 

142 

15.6 

168 

18.5 

146 

ie.o 

104 

11.4 

4 

77 

9.2 

229 

27.3 

231 

27.6 

215 

25.7 

114 

13.  G 

8 

27 

3.3 

228 

27.5 

163 

19.7 

175 

21.2 

101 

12.  '2 

6 

15 

2.0 

92 

13.3 

216 

28.9 

132 

17.7 

74 

i.9 

13 

2.2 

74 

12.3 

134 

22.2 

136 

22.6 

28 

4.6 

s 

46 

8.2 

53 

9.5 

129 

23.2 

117 

21.0 

45 

8.0 

9 

7 

1.3 

61 

11.1 

93 

17.0 

98 

17.9 

'_".  i 

5.3 

10 

50 

10.6 

130 

27.6 

95 

20.1 

156 

33.1 

27 

517 

11 

39 

8.3 

63 

13.4 

116 

24.6 

76 

16.1 

48 

10/2 

12 

5 

1.1 

102 

21.8 

91 

19.4 

50 

10.7 

38 

8.1 

13 

15 

3.4 

72 

16.3 

125 

28.3 

84 

19.0 

29 

6.G 

14 

14 

3.1 

38 

8.4 

90 

19.9 

68 

15.1 

•;•> 

7.1 

15 

6 

1.6 

29 

7.8 

80 

21.7 

107 

29.0 

20 

5.4 

16 

16 

4.1 

72 

18.3 

88 

22.4 

102 

26.0 

30 

7.G 

17 

18 

5.6 

46 

14.4 

77 

24.2 

78 

24.5 

32 

10.0 

18 

29 

8.0 

75 

20.5 

80 

21.9 

65 

17.8 

31 

8.5 

1!) 

10 

3.5 

34 

11.8 

83 

28.7 

71 

24.6 

•21 

7.2 

20 

15 

5.0 

71 

23.8 

54 

18.2 

41 

13.8 

46 

15.4 

21 

13 

4.3 

26 

8.6 

80 

26.6 

44 

14.6 

16 

5.3 

22 

8 

2.6 

16 

5.2 

49 

16.1 

52 

17.1 

11 

3.6 

23 

9 

3.4 

30 

11.5 

61 

23.3 

67 

26.6 

M 

9.2 

24 

3 

1.1 

16 

6.1 

50 

19.3 

48 

18.5 

11 

4.2 

25 

4 

1.5 

17 

6.4 

46 

17.4 

46 

17.4 

19 

7.1 

26 

4 

1.7 

38 

16.2 

51 

21.8 

44 

18.8 

6 

2.6 

43 

G 

2.3 

23 

8.7 

52 

19.7 

29 

11.0 

r 

2.7 

'27 

_ 

_ 

40 

15.7 

43 

16.9 

54 

21.2 

i  ) 

7.4 

28 

36 

1G.2 

47 

21.1 

30 

13.5 

32 

14.4 

11 

4.9 

29 

10 

3.7 

47 

17.5 

49 

18.3 

34 

12.7 

10 

3.7 

30 

8 

3.5 

50 

21.7 

52 

22.6 

48 

20.8 

la 

5.6 

31 

10 

.     4.5 

81 

37.1 

51 

23.5 

29 

13.7 

•2S 

12.9 

32 

5 

2.6 

31 

16.0 

35 

18.0 

37 

19.0 

1$ 

9.8 

33 

7 

3.4 

36 

17.5 

26 

12.7 

55 

26.8 

(A 

10.7 

34 

21 

10.7 

14 

7.1 

56 

28.5 

40 

20.4 

11 

5.6 

35 

5 

2.5 

7 

3.4 

59 

29.0 

46 

22.6 

15 

7.4 

36 

6 

3.0 

64 

32.1 

32 

16.1 

34 

17.1 

7 

3.5 

37 

6 

3.2 

19 

10.3 

27 

14.6 

30 

16.2 

18 

!».7 

38 

6 

3.3 

9 

4.9 

37 

20.1 

51 

27.7 

13 

7.0 

39 

2 

1.1 

20 

11.3 

35 

19.8 

44 

25.0 

7 

;;  ;» 

40 

7 

3.8 

11 

5.9 

51 

27.5 

17 

9.1 

6 

3.2 

41 

9 

4.5 

29 

14.5 

27 

13.5 

39 

19.5 

20 

10.0 

4'' 

11 

6.3 

26 

14.9 

41 

23.4 

41 

23.4 

5 

2.8 

44 

5 

3.0 

14 

8.4 

26 

15.7 

52 

31.4 

8 

4.8 

45 

3 

1.9 

20 

12.6 

27 

17.1 

28 

17.7 

13 

8.2 

46 

3 

2.0 

37 

24.3 

41 

26.9 

17 

11.1 

3 

2.0 

47 

18 

12.2 

53 

35.8 

40 

27.0 

53 

35.8 

9 

6.1 

48 

24 

15.9 

36 

23.9 

41 

27.2 

39 

25.9 

20 

13.3 

49 

3 

2.1 

14 

10.0 

42 

29.9 

23 

16.3 

13 

9.2 

50 

3 

2.0 

17 

11.3 

30 

20.0 

30 

20.0 

5 

3.3 

51 

9 

6.3 

23 

15.9 

29 

20.1 

19 

13.2 

G 

4.2 

52 

8 

5.6 

12 

8.4 

35 

24.6 

25 

17.6 

<) 

6.3 

53 

5 

3.8 

18 

13.8 

37 

28.4 

30 

23.0 

5 

3.8 

54 

1 

.8 

10 

7.5 

19 

14.3 

21 

15.8 

9 

6.8 

55 

2 

1.6 

21 

16.7 

25 

19.9 

25 

19.9 

1 

.8 

56 

3 

2.6 

10 

8.6 

16 

13.8 

22 

19.0 

2 

1.7 

57 

2 

1.7 

15 

12.6 

18 

15.1 

14 

11.8 

8 

G.7 

58 

1 

.8 

19 

14.4 

30 

22.8 

28 

21.2 

8 

6.1 

.V.I 

4 

3.7 

8 

7.3 

20 

18.3 

17 

15.6 

14 

12.8 

80 

3 

2.6 

6 

5.2 

27 

23.6 

18 

15.7 

11 

')  (i 

(ll 

g 

8.3 

26 

23.8 

35 

32.1 

32 

29.4 

11 

10.1 

62 

1 

.9 

23 

20.9 

13 

11.8 

12 

10.9 

10 

9.1 

63 

8 

7.2 

17 

15.5 

20 

18.2 

13 

11.8 

17 

15.5 

64 

3 

2.8 

6 

5.8 

'24 

•2'2  0 

22 

20.2 

7 

G.4 

fid 

4 

3.8 

11 

10.6 

15 

14.4 

17 

4 

8.8 

mi 

3 

2.8 

IB 

14.2 

15 

14.2 

5 

4.7 

7 

(>.  ii 

C7 

955 

3.9 

3,630 

14.9 

5,908 

24.2 

5,019 

20.5 

2,124 

8.7 

- 

52 

From  Measles.     Deaths  per  10,000  of  the  living  population. 

The  deaths  from  Measles  were  omitted  from  the  foregoing 
table  for  economy  of  space.  In  forty-two  cities,  no  deaths 
from  this  cause  were  registered  in  1892.  Those  in  the  re- 
maining cities  were  as  follows : — Boston,  34  ;  Manchester,  18  ; 
New  Haven,  12 ;  Providence,  11 ;  Lowell,  11 ;  Woonsocket,  10  ; 
Fall  River,  8  ;  Holyoke,  8  ;  Auburn,  5  ;  Springfield,  3  ;  Cam- 
bridge, Portland,  Newport  and  Warwick,  2  each ;  and  Worces- 
ter, Lynn,  Hartford,  Bridgeport,  Lawrence,  Waterbury, 
Brockton,  Newton,  Quincy,  New  Britain  and  Chicopee,  1  each. 
The  highest  death-rates  from  this  cause  were  those  of  Woon- 
socket, 4.3;  Auburn,  4.3;  Manchester,  3.8;  Holyoke,  2.0;  and 
New  Haven,  1.3 ;  per  10,000  living. 

From  Scarlet-fever.  The  maximum  death-rates  from  scarlet- 
fever  were  as  follows :  — 

Stamford,  17.5  ;  Lawrence,  9.3  ;  Hartford,  5.5  ;  Boston,  5.5  ; 
Pittsfield,  5.4 ;  Waltham,  4.9  ;  Chicopee,  4.6  ;  Chelsea,  4.5  ; 
and  there  were  no  deaths  from  scarlet-fever  in  the  following 
cities :  — 

Newton,  Brookline,  Rutland,  Lewiston,  Beverly,  Nashua, 
Augusta,  Bangor,  Biddeford,  Hyde  Park. 

From  Diphtheria  and  Croup.  The  maximum  and  minimum 
death-rates  from  diphtheria  and  croup  were  as  follows :  — 


North  Adams  .  .     19.5 

Hartford      .  .  .     18.5 

Holyoke      .  .  .18.1 

Stamford     .  .     16.8 

Newburyport  .  .     16.4 

Rutland       .  .     15.1 

Newport     .  .  .     13.9 

Biddeford    .  .  .13.5 

Boston         .  .  .     10.2 

Springfield.  .  .     10.2 


Nashua           .  .         .1.5 

New  London  .     1.4 

Beverly          .  .                .9 

Greenwich      .  .9 

Gloucester     .  .8 

Haverhill  .       .7 

Lynn      ...  .5 

Bangor           .  .                  0 

Waltham  .         0 

Peabody         .  .        0 


53 


16.2 
15.9 

Portland     . 
Rutland     . 

.     1.6+ 
.     1.6— 

12.2 

Newton 

.     1.5 

10.7 
10.6 

Bridgeport 
Gloucester 

.     1.3 
.     1.15 

9.1 

Concord     . 

.     1.1 

8.3 

Manchester 

.     1.07 

8.3 

Clinton       .  1 

.       .9 

8.2 

Brookline  . 

.       .8 

8.0 

Everett 

.8 

Typhoid    Fever.       The     maximum     and    death-rates      from 

typhoid-fever  were  as  follows  :  — 

DEATH-RATES  PER  10,000. 

Lewiston 

Chicopee 

Biddeford    . 

Bangor 

Lawrence     . 

Lowell 

Springfield  . 

Augusta 

Hartford 

Waterbury  . 

Cholera  Infantum.     The  maximum  and  minimum  death-rates 

from  cholera  infantum  were  as  follows  :  — 

.  7.5 
.  7.3 
.  7.1 
.  6.4 
.  6.1 
.  5.5 
.  5.2 
.  5.2 
.  4.9 
.  3.4 
Phthisis.  From  consumption  the  maximum  and  minimum 

death-rates  were  as  follows  :  — 


Lincoln 

.     37.1 

Brookline 

Biddeford    . 

.     35.8 

Weymouth 

Warwick 

.     32.1 

Bangor 

Lawrence     . 

.     27.6 

Newton 

Fall  River    . 

.     27.5 

Gloucester 

Lowell 

.     27.3 

Hyde  Park 

Burlington  . 

.     243 

Brockton 

Chicopee 

.     23.9 

Beverly 

Augusta 

.     23.8 

Pittsfield 

Pawtucket  . 

23.8 

Waltham 

Boston 

.     32.8 

Medford 

.     15.1 

Augusta 

.     32.1 

Norwalk 

.     14.6 

Newburyport 

.     29.9 

Peabody 

.     14.4 

Waltham    . 

.     29.0 

Brookline     . 

.     14.3 

Cambridge 

.     28.9 

Greenwich    . 

.     14.2 

Chelsea 

.     28.7 

Auburn 

.     13.8 

Bangor 

.     28.5 

New  Britain 

.     13.5 

Dover 

.     28.4 

Lewiston 

.     13.5 

New  Bedford 

.     28.3 

Nashua 

.     12.7 

Lowell 

.     27.6         Clinton 

11.8 

64 


It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  all  of  the  following  cities  lying  on 
or  quite  near  the  southern  sea-coast  of  New  England  had 
death-rates  from  Phthisis  considerably  below  the  mean  :  —  Fall 
River,  Newport,  Warwick,  New  London,  New  Haven,  Bridge- 
port, Stamford,  Norwalk,  Greenwich. 


Pneumonia.  The  maximum 
pneumonia  were  as  follows  :  — 

Biddeford    .  .  35.8 

Lawrence     .  .         .33.1 

Stamford      .  .         .     31.4 

Augusta       j  .  •       .     29.4 

Portland      .  .         .     29.0 

Pittsfield     .  .         .     27.7 

Nashua        .  .         .     26.8 

Holyoke      .  .         .     26.0 

Chicopee     .  .         .     25.9 
Lowell  25.7 


and  minimum  death-rates  from 


Pawtucket 
Lincoln    . 
New  London 
Ansonia   . 
Medford  . 
Burlington 
Maiden     . 
Clinton     . 
Manchester 
Quincy     . 


13.8 
13.7 
13.2 
11.8+ 
11.8- 
11.1 
11.0 
10.9 
10.7 
9.1 


Bronchitis.  The  maximum  and  minimum  death-rates  from 
bronchitis  were  as  follows  :  — 

Ansonia 

Pawtucket 

Lowell 

Chicopee     . 

Lincoln 

Weymouth 

Fall  River  . 

Boston 

New  Haven 

Nashua 

The  following  figures  present  the  combined  death-rates  from 
these  three  diseases  —  phthisis,  pneumonia  and  bronchitis  —  in 
those  cities  which  had  the  highest  and  lowest  mortality  from 
these  causes  in  1892  :  — 


15.5 

Brockton 

.       3.6 

15.4 

Warwick 

.3.5 

13.6 

Marlboro' 

.       3.3 

13.3 
12.9 

Quincy 
North  Adams 

.       3.2 

.       2.8 

12.8 

Maiden 

.  '      .       2.7 

12.2 

Norwich 

.       2.6 

11.5 
11.4 

Burlington    . 
Auburn 

.       2.0 
.       1.7 

10.7 

Rutland 

.8 

55 


Phthisis,  Pneumonia  and  Bronchitis. 
DEATHS  PER  10,000  POPULATION. 


Augusta 

Biddeford 

Boston 

Lowell 

Chicopee 

Chelsea 

Waltham 

Salem  . 

Taunton 


71.6 

68.9 
68.5 
66.9 
66.4 
60.5 
59.0 
58.7 
58.1 


Brockton 

Warwick 

Peabody 

A  uburn 

Medford 

Maiden 

Lewiston 

Clinton 

Greenwich 


36.8 
36.7 
34.6 
34.5 
33.6 
33.4 
32.8 
31.8 
25.5 


The  death-rates  of  each  of  the  remaining  bities  from  the  fore- 
going causes  may  be  found  in  table  XVI. 

Interesting  results  are  obtained  by  grouping  the  cities  in  this 
table  according  to  their  populations. 

While  such  a  classification  cannot  be  considered  as  an  exact 
division  of  the  cities  according  to  the  density  of  their  popula- 
tions, it  may  be  taken  as  an  approximate  grouping  of  this 
nature. 

Four  groups  are  made,  the  first  embracing  the  two  cities 
having  more  than  100,000  inhabitants  in  each.  Boston  and 
Providence,  with  a  total  estimated  population  in  1892  of 
612,298. 

The  second  group  includes  those  cities  having  more  than 
50,000,  but  less  than  100,000  in  each,  the  total  estimated  popu- 
lation being  535,238. 

The  third  group  includes  those  cities  having  more  than 
25,000,  but  less  than  50,000  in  each,  with  a  total  estimated 
population  of  570,230. 

The  fourth  group  embraces  the  remaining  cities  and  towns 
having  more  than  10,000,  but  less  than  25,000,  in  each,  with  a 
total  estimated  population  of  723,652  in  1892. 

This  general  division  of  the  whole  district  may  fairly  be 
compared  with  the  remainder  of  the  district  comprising  a 


56 


nearly  equal  population,  the  estimated  population  of  the  urban 
population  in  1892  being  2,441,418,  and  that  of  the  rural 
population  being  2,444,987. 

The  marriage,  birth  and  death-rates  of  these  two  principal 
groups  of  population  were  as  follows  for  1892,  still  bearing  in 
mind  the  probable  deficiency  of  birth  registration  in  Maine  and 
New  Hampshire :  — 


Marriage-rates. 

Birth-rates. 

Death-rates. 

Urban  Group  1.  .  . 

20.66 

29.68 

21.01 

Rural    Group                 1 

16  42 

20  00 

18  72 

Reducing  these  figures  to  a  standard  of  1,000  for  the  total 
population  the  rank  of  these  populations  would  stand  as 
follows :  — 


Married  Persons. 

Births. 

Deaths. 

I 

Urban  Group 

1114 

1195 

1058 

New  England. 

.1  

1OOO 

100O 

1000 

Rural  Group  .  . 

886 

805 

943 

The  foregoing  may  be  read  as  follows  :  — 

For  each  1,000  persons  married  in  New  England  as  a  whole, 
there  were  in  equal  numbers  living  in  the  urban  population, 
1,114  persons  married,  and  in  the  rural  population  886,  &c. 

For  the  diseases  mentioned  in  table  XVI.  a  similar  method  of 
presentation  gives  the  following  results,  in  this  case  the  number 
100  for  New  England  as  a  whole  being  taken  as  the  standard 


of  comparison, 
four  divisions,  a 


In  this  grouping  the  cities  are  presented  in 
already  suggested :  — 


57 


GENERAL    MORTALITY    AND    MORTALITY    FROM    EIGHT 
DISEASES  BY  GROUPS. 


1 

ee  {£, 

I 

| 

«* 

13  & 

. 

£ 

%  ? 

T3 

Cj    M 

Pi 

c 

'•£ 

Groups. 

|| 

* 

4d 

£ 

li 

1 

•if 

a 

3 
t« 

i 

| 

S| 

1 

pi 

1 

s| 

3 

<u 
q 

2 
M 

Cities  having  over  100,- 

000  populations  in  each 

116 

158 

213 

162 

84 

110 

144 

109 

164 

Cities  having  from  50,000 

to  100  000 

no 

146 

122 

142 

112 

154 

107 

95 

168 

Cities  having  from  25,000 
to  50  000  . 

105 

133 

117 

43 

122 

132 

101 

96 

118 

Cities  having  from  10,000 
to  25  000  . 

95 

70 

91 

62 

109 

138 

94 

90 

97 

The  Whole  Urban  Group. 

106 

126 

135 

121 

105 

133 

111 

97 

129 

New  England  .  . 

10O 

1OO 

10O 

1OO 

1OO 

1OO 

1OO 

1OO 

1OO 

The  Rural  Group 

94 

79 

65 

80 

95 

68 

89 

102 

70 

The  foregoing  table  may  be  read  as  follows  :  —  For  each  100 
persons  who  died  in  the  whole  district  of  New  England  in  1892 
from  all  causes,  106  died  in  the  cities  and  large  towns  and  94  in 
the  rural  districts  ;  116  in  the  large  cities,  110  in  those  of  the 
second  group,  105  in  those  of  the  third  group  and  95  in  those 
of  the  fourth  group. 

For  each  100  who  died  of  measles  in  the  whole  district,  126 
died  from  the  same  cause  in  the  cities  and  large  towns,  and  79 
in  the  rural  districts:  158  died  in  the  large  cities,  146  in 
those  of  the  second  group,  133  in  those  of  the  third  and  70  .in 
those  of  the  fourth,  &c. 


58 

The  following  additio 

lal  statistics  relative  to  births  are  to  be 

found  in  the 

reports  oj 

New    Hampshire, 

Rhode 

Island   and 

Connecticut  : 

— 

NUMBER 

OF  THE  CHILDREN  OF  THE 

MOTHER 

,  1892. 

R. 

I.,  36 

Conn.,  10 

N.  H.                   E.  I.                  years. 

Conn. 

years. 

1st    .     .     2, 

266           2,383        53 

,260 

5,333 

44,649 

2d     .     .     1, 

523          1,754        42,983 

3,959 

34,498 

3d     .     .     1,010           1,444         33,361 

3,011 

24,578 

4th   .     . 

691           1, 

050         25 

,143 

2,176 

17,641 

5th    .     . 

477 

754        18,787 

1,525 

12,426 

6th    .     . 

399 

'520         13,786 

1,088 

9,075 

7th    .     . 

252 

416          9 

,869 

724 

6,469 

8th    .     . 

185 

311          7 

,074 

481 

4,522 

9th    .     . 

106 

218         4 

,750 

364 

3,162 

10th    .     . 

83 

149          3 

,198 

245 

2,023 

llth    .     . 

60 

113         1 

,918 

152 

1,185 

12th   .     . 

46 

75         1,219 

88 

778 

13th   .     . 

33 

36 

680 

67 

498 

14th   .     . 

21 

18 

343 

29 

244 

15th   .     . 

6 

13 

190 

14 

13"2 

16th   .     . 

7 

10 

92 

9 

64 

17th    .     . 

3 

4 

56 

3 

28 

18th   .     . 

3 

1 

25 

1 

11 

19th   .     . 

2 

1 

13 

_ 

6 

20th  .     . 

1 

— 

6 

1 

4 

21st    .     . 

_ 

_ 

3 

— 

12 

22d     .     . 

_ 

_ 

2 

._ 

1 

23d 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

1 

In  the  reports  of  Connecticut  this  table  is  classified  into 
children  of  native  and  foreign  parentage. 

Among  native  parents  the  firstlings  constituted  31.2  per  cent, 
of  the  whole  number  of  children,  and  among  foreign  parents 
they  were  22.4  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  The  ratio  of  children 
who  were  the  fifth,  sixth,  and  upwards  among  foreign  parents 
was  much  greater  than  it  was  among  natives. 


59 


Meteorology. 

The  following  table  is  taken  from  the  bulletin  of  the  New 
England  Meteorological  Society  for  1892.  It  consists  of  the 
means  of  the  observations  of  about  150  voluntary  observers 
distributed  throughout  New  England,  with  a  reasonable  degree 
of  uniformity.  The  barometric  observations  are  by  twenty 
observers  only :  — 

NEW  ENGLAND  WEATHER. 


Months. 

Meaii 
Atmospheric 
Pressure. 
In  Inches. 

Mean 
Tempera- 
ture.   In 
Degrees  F. 

Departure 
from 
Normal. 

Precipita- 
tion in 
Inches. 

Departure 
from 
Normal. 

January  

30.00 

24.6  - 

+  2.0 

4.81 

+0.88 

F6bruary 

30.12 

26.9 

+  1.8 

2.09 

—  l.<>4 

March  
April          •         

29.91 
30.00 

29.7 
44.8 

—1.8 
•fl.8 

&.20 

1.02 

—  0.75 

—2.1:; 

Mav 

29.97 

53  6 

—  1.4 

5.28 

+  1.7'.) 

Jllll6                      

29.96 

68.1 

+  1.7 

8.92 

+  0.42 

July  

30.02 

70.0 

+0.6 

2.91 

—  1.03 

August  
September  
October  

30.01 
30.13 
29.93 

67.8 
58.5 
44.6 

+0.1 
—0.7 
—0.3 

5.45 
2.24 
1.50 

•1-1.22 

—1.17 

—  2.3S 

November  
December. 

30.04 
29  98 

37.7 

•M  '.) 

—0.3 
—2.2 

5.10 
1.32 

+  1.10 
—2.15 

Mean  

30.01 

45.85 

+0.2 

—0.48 

Total  

39.79 

' 


14  DAY 

TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

RENEWALS  ONLY— 1 


books  are  Abject  to  immediate  recall. 

o> 


LD  21A-40m-2,  Ui7 
(J6057slO)476— A-32 


.General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


